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A terminal emulator emulates an old-fashioned video terminal from within a desktop environment. It's mainly used to interact with a shell that you type command lines into.
Websites (like this wiki) often recommend terminal-based solutions instead of graphical ones. It's easier for people to explain how to do something in a terminal, and easier for you to explain what went wrong, because you only ever need to paste text into or out of a big text box. That doesn't mean you have to use a terminal all the time, but it's good to know how when asking for help. With successive commands is possible to have reproducibility.
Here are some terminal emulators available in Debian repositories:
https://screenshots.debian.net/package/gnome-terminal
gnome-terminal and ptyxis terminal for GNOME
https://screenshots.debian.net/package/eterm
eterm a terminal for Enlightenment
https://screenshots.debian.net/package/xterm
xterm a basic terminal for the XWindowSystem
https://screenshots.debian.net/package/kitty
kitty a fast terminal supporting graphics, tabs and inner windows
Running a terminal
Terminals can be run from the System applications menu in your desktop environment
Listing all packages that provide x-terminal-emulator
apt-cache search --names-only x-terminal-emulator
Recording videos from a terminal
It's possible to record and play "videos" of text sessions with asciinema , a sample of a recorded video is https://asciinema.org/a/706479.
See also
Wikipedia's Terminal emulator page has more background information