Python Class Inheritance issue

Question

I'm playing with Python Class inheritance and ran into a problem where the inherited __init__ is not being executed if called from the sub-class (code below) the result I get from Active Python is:

---

>>> start
Tom Sneed
Sue Ann
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "C:\Python26\Lib\site-packages\pythonwin\pywin\framework\scriptutils.py", line 312, <br>in RunScript
 exec codeObject in __main__.__dict__
 File "C:\temp\classtest.py", line 22, in <module>
 print y.get_emp()
 File "C:\temp\classtest.py", line 16, in get_emp
 return self.FirstName + ' ' + 'abc'
AttributeError: Employee instance has no attribute 'FirstName'

---

Here's the code

class Person():
 AnotherName = 'Sue Ann'
 def __init__(self):
 self.FirstName = 'Tom'
 self.LastName = 'Sneed'
 def get_name(self):
 return self.FirstName + ' ' + self.LastName
class Employee(Person):
 def __init__(self):
 self.empnum = 'abc123'
 def get_emp(self):
 print self.AnotherName
 return self.FirstName + ' ' + 'abc'
x = Person()
y = Employee()
print 'start'
print x.get_name()
print y.get_emp()

Answer 1

Three things:

1. You need to explicitly call the constructor. It isn't called for you automatically like in C++
2. Use a new-style class inherited from object
3. With a new-style class, use the super() method available

This will look like:

class Person(object):
 AnotherName = 'Sue Ann'
 def __init__(self):
 super(Person, self).__init__()
 self.FirstName = 'Tom'
 self.LastName = 'Sneed'
 def get_name(self):
 return self.FirstName + ' ' + self.LastName
class Employee(Person):
 def __init__(self):
 super(Employee, self).__init__()
 self.empnum = 'abc123'
 def get_emp(self):
 print self.AnotherName
 return self.FirstName + ' ' + 'abc'

Using super is recommended as it will also deal correctly with calling constructors only once in multiple inheritance cases (as long as each class in the inheritance graph also uses super). It's also one less place you need to change code if/when you change what a class is inherited from (for example, you factor out a base-class and change the derivation and don't need to worry about your classes calling the wrong parent constructors). Also on the MI front, you only need one super call to correctly call all the base-class constructors.

• Martin Geisler: Care must be taken when using super, please read this: fuhm.net/super-harmful
• Jarret Hardie: +1 for recommending new style classes, particularly as the OP's stack trace suggests they're using Python 2.6.
• meade: is there an issue if the super class does not have an init? and if so does that mean the super class can not be a 'black box'?
• S.Lott: No issue of the superclass has no init. It's pretty black-box-ish.
• workmad3: Good to know about the pitfalls. I've been pretty careful so far though and all my python code calls super() all the way back up to object :)

Answer 2

You should explicitely call the superclass' init function:

class Employee(Person):
 def __init__(self):
 Person.__init__(self)
 self.empnum = "abc123"

• meade: That worked - but why? why would the inherited class not work the same as if you instantiated it as its own object?
• Martin Cote: Python will not automatically call the superclass' init function when instantiating a subclass. This responsability is left to the programmer. I don't know if there's a rationale behind this.

Answer 3

Employee has to explicitly invoke the parent's __init__ (not init):

 class Employee(Person): 
 def __init__(self): 
 Person.__init__(self) 
 self.empnum = 'abc123' 

Answer 4

Instead of super(class, instance) pattern why not just use super(instance) as the class is always instance.__class__?

Are there specific cases where it would not be instance.__class__?

• Samantha Atkis: wow. I think it erased part of my comment. it should be "instance.__class__" of course.
• Veky: This is actually an excellent question. Please watch pyvideo.org/video/879/the-art-of-subclassing (TL;DW: no, it's not instance.__class__. "self" is not neccessarily you.)

Answer 5

Using super().init() in a subclass's __init__ method calls the constructor of the parent class, ensuring proper initialization of inherited attributes and avoiding redundancy in the code.

class Employee(Person):
 def __init__(self):
 self.empnum = 'abc123'
 super().__init__()