Confused about pushing array into array, JavaScript

Question

My code looks like this

var res = [];
var temp = [];
function Permutations(target, size) {
 if (size === 0) {
 res.push(temp);
 console.log(res);
 return;
 }
 for (let i = 0; i < target.length; i++) {
 if (target[i] !== null) {
 temp.push(target[i]);
 target[i] = null;
 Permutations(target, size - 1);
 target[i] = temp.pop();
 }
 }
}
Permutations([1, 2, 3], 2);
console.log(res);

When I run my code, I can see my res stores each permutation as it is is being executed. However, when I log it outside the function, all the stored value disappeared.

[ [ 1, 2 ] ]
[ [ 1, 3 ], [ 1, 3 ] ]
[ [ 2, 1 ], [ 2, 1 ], [ 2, 1 ] ]
[ [ 2, 3 ], [ 2, 3 ], [ 2, 3 ], [ 2, 3 ] ]
[ [ 3, 1 ], [ 3, 1 ], [ 3, 1 ], [ 3, 1 ], [ 3, 1 ] ]
[ [ 3, 2 ], [ 3, 2 ], [ 3, 2 ], [ 3, 2 ], [ 3, 2 ], [ 3, 2 ] ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ] // This is my console.log outside the function

• Randy Casburn: Because you console.log() the call to the empty version of the function on line 3. Then, redeclare the function on later - that's the one that works.
• t.niese: @RandyCasburn did you very your claim?
• Kevin: @RandyCasburn I removed all the unnecessary code, it is still not working.
• Randy Casburn: @t.niese - the OP edited the question after I posted my comment.
• t.niese: @RandyCasburn Yes I know. But your statement was still not true for the old code. Both functions function Permutations(target, size) were hoisted, and Permutations([1, 2, 3], 2); always called the last one due to that.

Answer 1

The array temp holds is the same array throughout the complete execution of your code. And res.push(temp); adds this same array (not a copy of it) to your res array.

Here a related question about how Objects are handled in JavaScript: Is JavaScript a pass-by-reference or pass-by-value language?

So your code results in res having N times the same array.

You could copy the element stored in temp to a new array using [...temp], and push that to your res array.

var res = [];
var temp = [];
function Permutations(target, size) {
 if (size === 0) {
 res.push([...temp]);
 return;
 }
 for (let i = 0; i < target.length; i++) {
 if (target[i] !== null) {
 temp.push(target[i]);
 target[i] = null;
 Permutations(target, size - 1);
 target[i] = temp.pop();
 }
 }
}
Permutations([1, 2, 3], 2);
console.log(res);

• Kevin: Oh I see it now. So objects and arrays in JavaScript are pushed as a pointer to the original object. Looks like it is a bit different from C++. Thank you.
• t.niese: @Kevin yes objects (not primitives) in javascript behave in many ways similar to pointers in c++, but not exactly the same.
• Corrl: Not directly relevant in this example, but it might be worth noting that the spread operator only makes a shallow copy of the array. If the copied array contained nested arrays, these were still linked to the original... which might lead to a similar confusion