n!!
gives the double factorial of n.
Factorial2
n!!
gives the double factorial of n.
Details
- Mathematical function, suitable for both symbolic and numerical manipulation.
- .
- n!! is a product of even numbers for n even, and odd numbers for n odd.
- Factorial2 can be evaluated to arbitrary numerical precision.
- Factorial2 automatically threads over lists.
- Factorial2 can be used with Interval and CenteredInterval objects. »
Examples
open all close allBasic Examples (7)
Evaluate at integer values:
Evaluate at real values:
Plot over a subset of the reals:
Plot over a subset of the complexes:
Series expansion at the origin:
Series expansion at Infinity :
Series expansion at a singular point:
Scope (30)
Numerical Evaluation (6)
Evaluate numerically:
Evaluate to high precision:
The precision of the output tracks the precision of the input:
Complex number inputs:
Evaluate efficiently at high precision:
Compute worst-case guaranteed intervals using Interval and CenteredInterval objects:
Or compute average-case statistical intervals using Around :
Compute the elementwise values of an array:
Or compute the matrix Factorial2 function using MatrixFunction :
Specific Values (3)
Values of Factorial2 at fixed points:
Values at zero:
Find the first positive maximum of Factorial2 [x]:
Visualization (2)
Function Properties (10)
Real domain of the double factorial:
Complex domain:
Double factorial has the mirror property :
Factorial2 threads elementwise over lists:
Factorial2 is not an analytic function:
However, it is meromorphic:
Factorial2 is neither nondecreasing nor nonincreasing:
Factorial2 is not injective:
Factorial2 is not surjective:
Factorial2 is neither non-negative nor non-positive:
Factorial2 has both singularity and discontinuity for z≤-2:
Factorial2 is neither convex nor concave:
Differentiation (2)
First derivative with respect to z:
Higher derivatives with respect to z:
Plot the higher derivatives with respect to z:
Series Expansions (4)
Function Identities and Simplifications (3)
Functional identities:
Recurrence relation:
Relationship between Factorial and Factorial2 on the integers:
Generalizations & Extensions (3)
Infinite arguments give symbolic results:
Series expansion at poles:
Series expansion at infinity (generalized Stirling approximation):
Applications (5)
Plot of the absolute value of the double factorial in the complex plane:
An infinite series for in terms of the factorial and double factorial:
Calculate the first 30 digits of using this series:
Compare with numerically evaluating Pi :
Verify an expression for the Catalan numbers in terms of double factorials:
For an odd prime, a generalization of Wilson's theorem states that TemplateBox[{{{{(, {p, -, 1}, )}, !!}, =, {G, (, {p, +, 1}, )}}, p}, Mod]. Verify for the first few odd primes:
A determinantal representation for the odd double factorials:
Properties & Relations (8)
Use FunctionExpand to express the double factorial in terms of the Gamma function:
Use FullSimplify to simplify expressions involving double factorials:
Sums involving Factorial2 :
Generating function:
Recover the original power series:
Products involving the double factorial:
Factorial2 can be represented as a DifferenceRoot :
FindSequenceFunction can recognize the Factorial2 sequence:
The exponential generating function for Factorial2 :
Possible Issues (3)
Large arguments can give results too large to be computed explicitly, even approximately:
Smaller values work:
Machine-number inputs can give high‐precision results:
To compute a repeated factorial, use instead of :
Neat Examples (3)
Plot Factorial2 at infinity:
Find the numbers of digits 0 through 9 in 10000!!:
Plot the ratio of doubled factorials over double factorial:
Tech Notes
Related Guides
Related Links
History
Introduced in 1988 (1.0) | Updated in 2021 (13.0) ▪ 2022 (13.1)
Text
Wolfram Research (1988), Factorial2, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Factorial2.html (updated 2022).
CMS
Wolfram Language. 1988. "Factorial2." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2022. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Factorial2.html.
APA
Wolfram Language. (1988). Factorial2. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Factorial2.html
BibTeX
@misc{reference.wolfram_2025_factorial2, author="Wolfram Research", title="{Factorial2}", year="2022", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Factorial2.html}", note=[Accessed: 04-January-2026]}
BibLaTeX
@online{reference.wolfram_2025_factorial2, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={Factorial2}, year={2022}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Factorial2.html}, note=[Accessed: 04-January-2026]}