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Commit d92d323

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Merge pull request #2 from digitronik/begin
some review changes for beginning.md
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‎beginning.md

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# The Beginning
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## Using Python interpreter
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## [Using Python interpreter](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/interpreter.html)
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* Type 'python3' command in terminal to open python interpreter
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* Type `python3` command in terminal to open a Python Interpreter.
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```
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[raukadah@ironman python-workshop]$ python3
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Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
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>>>
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```
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* *>>>* knowns as python prompt
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* Use CTRL + D to exit from the terminal
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* `>>>` is known as python prompt.
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* Use `CTRL + d` to exit from the terminal or `exit()` command.
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* After quitting, all programs will get destroyed.
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## My first program
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* *print()* method is used to display output to the use
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* `print()` method is used to display output like `printf` in *C language*.
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```
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>>> print('Welcome to FOSSMEET, PUNE')
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Welcome to FOSSMEET, PUNE
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```
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* We can also print in multiple lines by using *\n*.
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* We can also print in multiple lines by using `\n`.
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```
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>>> print('Welcome to FOSSMEET, PUNE\n Let\'s Learn Python 3')
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Welcome to FOSSMEET, PUNE
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Let's Learn Python 3
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```
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We can *\* to escape any characters.
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## Use *#* to comment the code
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Anything written afer *#* will be ignored.
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## [Use *#* to comment the code](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#comments)
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Anything written after `#` will be ignored.
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```
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>>> # print('This is a comment')
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...
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>>>
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```
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## Variables
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* Variables in Python allows us to store information and give it a label
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we can use to retrieve that information later.
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* Variables in Python allows us to store information and give it a label.
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We can use to retrieve that information later.
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* We can store numbers, strings (*a sequence of characters*) and complex data
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types.
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* We can store numbers, strings (a squenece of characters) and complex data
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types
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* We assign values to variables by putting the value to the right of an equal
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sign.
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* Since Python is a dynamic language so we donot need to define the data type of
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a variable.
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* Let's define a varibale.
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* Python is a [General purpose programming language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language).
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* Let's define a variable.
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```
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>>> a = 12 # *a* is a variable holding the value 2
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>>> b = 'Hello' # *b* is another variable holding string
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'Hello'
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>>>
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```
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* variable can be called any times based on needs.
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* Variable can be called any times based on needs.
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## String representation
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## [String representation](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#strings)
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* We can represent string using single, double or triple quotes.
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```
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>>> a = 'Hello World'
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It is a multi line string
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Have fun, when we print it
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>>>
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```
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* We can *print* method to display the output.
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* We can `print` method to display the output.
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## Whitespaces and Identation
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* We gives whitespaces between operators to make code more readable.
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## [Whitespaces and Indentation](https://docs.python.org/2.0/ref/indentation.html)
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* We give whitespaces between operators to make the code more readable.
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* Space at the beginning of a line is known as indentation.
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* On using wrong indentation, it will give indentation error
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* On using the wrong indentation, it will give indentation error
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* Let's see
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```
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>>> a = 'foobar'
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>>> a = 'foobar'
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File "<stdin>", line 1
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a = 'foobar'
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```
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## Variable Naming
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* Name of the variable should be meaningfull.
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* Name of the variable should be meaningful.
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* We generally use Number, Characters and underscore for naming
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variables.
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* On using special characters it will through error.
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^
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SyntaxError: invalid syntax
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```
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* Python provides a list of keywords which cannot be used a variable name.
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* Python provides a list of `keywords` which can't be used a variable name.
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## Multiple assignment in a single line
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We can even assign multiple values in a single line.
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>>> (10 * 20 / 2 -100 ) + 50 # We can call it as a expression
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50.0
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```
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* *+, -, *, /* are used for addition, substraction, multiplication and
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* `+`, `-`, `*`, `/` are used for addition, substraction, multiplication and
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division.
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* '**' for calculating powers
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* '/' returns floating point numbers
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* '//' is used to discard fractional part.
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* We can also try BODMAS rule in a expression
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* These are known as arithmetic operators
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* `**` for calculating powers.
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* `/` returns floating point numbers.
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* `//` is used to discard fractional part.
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* We can also try `BODMAS` rule in an expression.
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* These are known as arithmetic operators.
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## Relational Operators
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```
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True
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```
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## Logical operator
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* *and* and *or* are logical operator
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* x and y returns False if x is False else it returns evaluation of y.
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If x is True, it returns True.
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## Logical Operator
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* `and` and `or` are a logical operator.
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* `x` and `y` returns `False` if `x` is `False` else it returns evaluation of `y`.
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If `x` is `True`, it returns `True`.
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```
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>>> 1 and 4
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4
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0
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```
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## Shorthand operator
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* *x op = expression* is the syntax for shorthand operators.
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## Shorthand Operator
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* `x operator = expression` is the syntax for shorthand operators.
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```
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>>> a = 15
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>>> b += 30
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```
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## Taking input from keyword
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* *input()* method is used to take input from keyboard
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* `input()` method is used to take `input` from `keyboard`.
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```
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>>> input("Enter your name: ")
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Enter your name: Chandan Kumar
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'raukadah'
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>>>
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```
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## type conversion
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* we can use *type()* to check the data type of a variable
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* we can also convert it
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## Type conversion
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* We can use `type()` to check the data type of a variable.
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* We can also convert it.
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```
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>>> a = 10
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>>> c = 1.5
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```
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## Writting a program in file
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* All programs are written with *<filename>.py*
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* Open a file named *first_program.py* and write the following
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code.
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* All programs are written with `<filename>.py`.
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* Create a file named `first_program.py` and write the following code.
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```
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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myname = input("Enter your name: ")
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print('Welcome to Python3 Fun Class %s' % myname)
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```
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* Make the program executable
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* Make the program executable.
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```
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$ chomd +x first_program.py
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```
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* Then run it
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* Then run it.
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```
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$./first_program.py
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```
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* On the first line you can #!, what we call it sha-bang.
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The sha-bang indicates that the Python interpreter should run this code.
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* On the first line you can `#!`, what we call it [sha-bang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix).
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The `sha-bang` indicates that the Python interpreter should run this code.
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## Decision Making using if,else
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While working on programs, we always encounted with making decisions.
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Based on condition, we need to perform tasks or do other tasks.
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We can *if* keyword to that.
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## Decision Making using if,else
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While working on programs, we always encounter with making decisions.
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Based on the condition, we need to perform tasks or do other tasks.
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We can use `if` keyword to that.
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```
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if expression:
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do
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```
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## Functions
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* When we have to do a certain set of operatin multiple times and reuse it
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with in codebase then we need to define a function
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* *def* keyword is used to define a function
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* syntex
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* When we have to do a certain set of operation multiple times and reuse it
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with in codebase then we need to define a function.
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* `def` keyword is used to define a function.
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* Syntax:
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```
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def function_name(function_arguments):
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do some stuff
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return something
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```
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* Here function_arguments are not necessary.
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* function arguments can be passed in any fashion
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* if return is not define, it will not return anything.
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* If return is not define, it will not return anything (None).
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```
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>>> def sum(a, b):
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... print(a + b)
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```
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### For loop
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In python loop works over sequence.
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Sequence might be a list, string, tuples or dictionary.
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In Python loop works over a `Iterator` object.
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might be a `list`, `string`, `tuples`, `dictionary`, `set` etc.
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```
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for i in sequence:
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do some stuff
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```
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Let's print the letter of a word.
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Let's `print` the letter of a word.
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```
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>>> word = "fossmeet"
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>>> for i in word:
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```
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### Looping over integers
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* Use range() function
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* range() can be used in three ways
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* range(n): will contain numbers form 0 through n-1
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* range(x, y): will start from x and end at y - 1
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* range(x, y, z): will start at x and continue as x + z, x + 2z until x + kz is less than y
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* Use `range()` function.
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* `range()` can be used in three ways.
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* `range(n)`: will contain numbers form `0` through `n-1`
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* `range(x, y)`: will start from `x` and end at `y-1`
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* `range(x, y, z)`: will start at `x` and continue as `x+z`, `x+2z` until `x+kz` is less than `y`.
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```
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>>> range(10)
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[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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8 square is 64
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9 square is 81
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```
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## Time to learn some more stuff

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