[Dev] Fix SC2035 shellcheck errors in the cpp/src/arrow/vendored directory. #51297

In cpp/src/arrow/vendored/fast_float/update.sh line 40:
sed -i.bak -E -e "s/v[0-9.]+/v${version}/g" *.h
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
In cpp/src/arrow/vendored/fast_float/update.sh line 44:
 *.h
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
In cpp/src/arrow/vendored/fast_float/update.sh line 45:
rm *.bak
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
In cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/update.sh line 48:
 *.{cpp,h,mm}
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
In cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/update.sh line 51:
 *.h
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
In cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/update.sh line 55:
rm *.bak
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
In cpp/src/arrow/vendored/double-conversion/update.sh line 38:
rm *.cc *.h
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
In cpp/src/arrow/vendored/double-conversion/update.sh line 43:
sed -i.bak -E -e "s/v[0-9.]+/v${version}/g" *.md
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
In cpp/src/arrow/vendored/double-conversion/update.sh line 49:
 *.{h,cc}
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
In cpp/src/arrow/vendored/double-conversion/update.sh line 50:
rm *.bak
 ^-- SC2035 (info): Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so names with dashes won't become options.
For more information:
 https://www.shellcheck.net/wiki/SC2035 -- Use ./*glob* or -- *glob* so name...