快速部署 Express 应用

📋 目录导航

部署方式对比

前置条件

第一步:创建 Express 应用

创建项目目录

mkdir express-cloudbase
cd express-cloudbase

使用 Express Generator 创建应用

# 使用 Express Generator 创建应用
npx express-generator --view=pug express-app
# 进入项目目录
cd express-app
# 安装依赖
npm install

本地测试应用

npm start

第二步:添加 API 路由

创建用户路由

const express = require('express');
const router = express.Router();
// 模拟用户数据
const users = [
 { id: 1, name: 'zhangsan', email: 'zhangsan@example.com' },
 { id: 2, name: 'lisi', email: 'lisi@example.com' },
 { id: 3, name: 'wangwu', email: 'wangwu@example.com' }
];
/* GET users listing */
router.get('/', function(req, res, next) {
 const { page = 1, limit = 10 } = req.query;
 const startIndex = (page - 1) * limit;
 const endIndex = startIndex + parseInt(limit);
 
 const paginatedUsers = users.slice(startIndex, endIndex);
 
 res.json({
 success: true,
 data: {
 total: users.length,
 page: parseInt(page),
 limit: parseInt(limit),
 items: paginatedUsers
 }
 });
});
/* GET user by ID */
router.get('/:id', function(req, res, next) {
 const userId = parseInt(req.params.id);
 const user = users.find(u => u.id === userId);
 
 if (!user) {
 return res.status(404).json({
 success: false,
 message: 'User not found'
 });
 }
 
 res.json({
 success: true,
 data: user
 });
});
/* POST create user */
router.post('/', function(req, res, next) {
 const { name, email } = req.body;
 
 if (!name || !email) {
 return res.status(400).json({
 success: false,
 message: 'Name and email are required'
 });
 }
 
 const newUser = {
 id: users.length + 1,
 name,
 email
 };
 
 users.push(newUser);
 
 res.status(201).json({
 success: true,
 data: newUser
 });
});
module.exports = router;

创建健康检查路由

const express = require('express');
const router = express.Router();
/* GET health check */
router.get('/', function(req, res, next) {
 res.json({
 status: 'healthy',
 timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
 framework: 'Express',
 version: process.env.npm_package_version || '1.0.0',
 node_version: process.version
 });
});
module.exports = router;

更新应用配置

var createError = require('http-errors');
var express = require('express');
var path = require('path');
var cookieParser = require('cookie-parser');
var logger = require('morgan');
var indexRouter = require('./routes/index');
var usersRouter = require('./routes/users');
var healthRouter = require('./routes/health');
var app = express();
// view engine setup
app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
app.set('view engine', 'pug');
app.use(logger('combined'));
app.use(express.json());
app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
app.use(cookieParser());
app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
// 路由配置
app.use('/', indexRouter);
app.use('/api/users', usersRouter);
app.use('/health', healthRouter);
// 404 错误处理
app.use(function(req, res, next) {
 next(createError(404));
});
// 全局错误处理
app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
 // 设置错误信息,只在开发环境提供详细错误
 res.locals.message = err.message;
 res.locals.error = req.app.get('env') === 'development' ? err : {};
 // 返回 JSON 格式的错误信息
 if (req.path.startsWith('/api/') || req.path.startsWith('/health')) {
 res.status(err.status || 500).json({
 success: false,
 message: err.message,
 error: req.app.get('env') === 'development' ? err.stack : undefined
 });
 } else {
 // 渲染错误页面
 res.status(err.status || 500);
 res.render('error');
 }
});
module.exports = app;

修改启动配置

#!/usr/bin/env node
/**
 * Module dependencies.
 */
var app = require('../app');
var debug = require('debug')('express-app:server');
var http = require('http');
/**
 * Get port from environment and store in Express.
 */
var port = normalizePort(process.env.PORT || '9000');
app.set('port', port);
/**
 * Create HTTP server.
 */
var server = http.createServer(app);
/**
 * Listen on provided port, on all network interfaces.
 */
server.listen(port, '0.0.0.0');
server.on('error', onError);
server.on('listening', onListening);
/**
 * Normalize a port into a number, string, or false.
 */
function normalizePort(val) {
 var port = parseInt(val, 10);
 if (isNaN(port)) {
 // named pipe
 return val;
 }
 if (port >= 0) {
 // port number
 return port;
 }
 return false;
}
/**
 * Event listener for HTTP server "error" event.
 */
function onError(error) {
 if (error.syscall !== 'listen') {
 throw error;
 }
 var bind = typeof port === 'string'
 ? 'Pipe ' + port
 : 'Port ' + port;
 // handle specific listen errors with friendly messages
 switch (error.code) {
 case 'EACCES':
 console.error(bind + ' requires elevated privileges');
 process.exit(1);
 break;
 case 'EADDRINUSE':
 console.error(bind + ' is already in use');
 process.exit(1);
 break;
 default:
 throw error;
 }
}
/**
 * Event listener for HTTP server "listening" event.
 */
function onListening() {
 var addr = server.address();
 var bind = typeof addr === 'string'
 ? 'pipe ' + addr
 : 'port ' + addr.port;
 debug('Listening on ' + bind);
 console.log('Express server listening on ' + bind);
}

第三步:本地测试

npm start

# 测试健康检查
curl http://localhost:3000/health
# 测试用户列表
curl http://localhost:3000/api/users
# 测试分页
curl "http://localhost:3000/api/users?page=1&limit=2"
# 测试获取单个用户
curl http://localhost:3000/api/users/1
# 测试创建用户
curl -X POST http://localhost:3000/api/users \
 -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
 -d '{"name":"新用户","email":"newuser@example.com"}'

第四步:准备部署文件

📋 选择部署方式

第五步:项目结构

express-app/
├── bin/
│ └── www # 启动文件
├── public/ # 静态资源
├── routes/ # 路由文件
│ ├── index.js
│ ├── users.js
│ └── health.js
├── views/ # 视图模板
├── app.js # 应用主文件
├── package.json # 项目配置
├── package-lock.json # 依赖锁定文件
├── scf_bootstrap # HTTP 云函数启动脚本 (仅云函数需要)
├── Dockerfile # 云托管容器配置 (仅云托管需要)
└── .dockerignore # Docker 忽略文件 (仅云托管需要)

第六步:部署应用

🚀 部署方式选择

第七步:访问您的应用

HTTP 云函数访问

云托管访问

测试接口

示例请求

# 健康检查
curl https://your-app-url/health
# 获取用户列表
curl https://your-app-url/api/users
# 创建新用户
curl -X POST https://your-app-url/api/users \
 -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
 -d '{"name":"测试用户","email":"test@example.com"}'

常见问题

❓ 问题分类

最佳实践

1. 环境变量管理

// 加载环境变量
require('dotenv').config();
// 使用环境变量
const isDevelopment = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development';
const port = process.env.PORT || 3000; // 云托管默认端口

2. 端口配置策略

// bin/www 文件中的端口配置
var port = normalizePort(process.env.PORT || (process.env.CLOUDBASE_FUNCTION ? '9000' : '3000'));

3. 添加 CORS 支持

npm install cors

const cors = require('cors');
// 配置 CORS
app.use(cors({
 origin: process.env.ALLOWED_ORIGINS?.split(',') || '*',
 credentials: true
}));

4. 请求日志

const morgan = require('morgan');
// 配置日志格式
app.use(morgan(process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' ? 'combined' : 'dev'));

5. 错误处理

// 全局错误处理
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
 console.error(err.stack);
 
 res.status(err.status || 500).json({
 success: false,
 message: err.message,
 ...(process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development' && { stack: err.stack })
 });
});

6. 安全配置

npm install helmet

const helmet = require('helmet');
// 安全头配置
app.use(helmet());

7. 健康检查优化

router.get('/', function(req, res, next) {
 const deploymentType = process.env.CLOUDBASE_FUNCTION ? 'HTTP云函数' : '云托管';
 
 res.json({
 status: 'healthy',
 timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
 framework: 'Express',
 deployment: deploymentType,
 version: process.env.npm_package_version || '1.0.0',
 node_version: process.version,
 port: process.env.PORT || 'default'
 });
});

8. 部署前检查清单

进阶功能

数据库集成

npm install mongoose
# 或
npm install mysql2

身份验证

npm install jsonwebtoken bcryptjs

API 文档

npm install swagger-jsdoc swagger-ui-express