.. module:: glob :synopsis: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion.
Source code: :source:`Lib/glob.py`
.. index:: single: filenames; pathname expansion
.. index:: single: * (asterisk); in glob-style wildcards single: ? (question mark); in glob-style wildcards single: [] (square brackets); in glob-style wildcards single: ! (exclamation); in glob-style wildcards single: - (minus); in glob-style wildcards single: . (dot); in glob-style wildcards
The :mod:`glob` module finds all the pathnames matching a specified pattern
according to the rules used by the Unix shell, although results are returned in
arbitrary order. No tilde expansion is done, but *, ?, and character
ranges expressed with [] will be correctly matched. This is done by using
the :func:`os.scandir` and :func:`fnmatch.fnmatch` functions in concert, and
not by actually invoking a subshell. Note that unlike :func:`fnmatch.fnmatch`,
:mod:`glob` treats filenames beginning with a dot (.) as special cases.
(For tilde and shell variable expansion, use :func:`os.path.expanduser` and
:func:`os.path.expandvars`.)
For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets.
For example, '[?]' matches the character '?'.
.. seealso:: The :mod:`pathlib` module offers high-level path objects.
.. function:: glob(pathname, *, recursive=False) Return a possibly-empty list of path names that match *pathname*, which must be a string containing a path specification. *pathname* can be either absolute (like :file:`/usr/src/Python-1.5/Makefile`) or relative (like :file:`../../Tools/\*/\*.gif`), and can contain shell-style wildcards. Broken symlinks are included in the results (as in the shell). Whether or not the results are sorted depends on the file system. .. index:: single: **; in glob-style wildcards If *recursive* is true, the pattern "``**``" will match any files and zero or more directories, subdirectories and symbolic links to directories. If the pattern is followed by an :data:`os.sep` or :data:`os.altsep` then files will not match. .. audit-event:: glob.glob pathname,recursive glob.glob .. note:: Using the "``**``" pattern in large directory trees may consume an inordinate amount of time. .. versionchanged:: 3.5 Support for recursive globs using "``**``".
.. function:: iglob(pathname, *, recursive=False) Return an :term:`iterator` which yields the same values as :func:`glob` without actually storing them all simultaneously. .. audit-event:: glob.glob pathname,recursive glob.iglob
.. function:: escape(pathname)
Escape all special characters (``'?'``, ``'*'`` and ``'['``).
This is useful if you want to match an arbitrary literal string that may
have special characters in it. Special characters in drive/UNC
sharepoints are not escaped, e.g. on Windows
``escape('//?/c:/Quo vadis?.txt')`` returns ``'//?/c:/Quo vadis[?].txt'``.
.. versionadded:: 3.4
For example, consider a directory containing the following files: :file:`1.gif`, :file:`2.txt`, :file:`card.gif` and a subdirectory :file:`sub` which contains only the file :file:`3.txt`. :func:`glob` will produce the following results. Notice how any leading components of the path are preserved.
>>> import glob
>>> glob.glob('./[0-9].*')
['./1.gif', './2.txt']
>>> glob.glob('*.gif')
['1.gif', 'card.gif']
>>> glob.glob('?.gif')
['1.gif']
>>> glob.glob('**/*.txt', recursive=True)
['2.txt', 'sub/3.txt']
>>> glob.glob('./**/', recursive=True)
['./', './sub/']
If the directory contains files starting with . they won't be matched by
default. For example, consider a directory containing :file:`card.gif` and
:file:`.card.gif`:
>>> import glob
>>> glob.glob('*.gif')
['card.gif']
>>> glob.glob('.c*')
['.card.gif']
.. seealso:: Module :mod:`fnmatch` Shell-style filename (not path) expansion
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