A C extension for CPython is a shared library (e.g. a .so file on Linux,
.pyd on Windows), which exports an initialization function.
To be importable, the shared library must be available on :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, and must be named after the module name, with an appropriate extension. When using distutils, the correct filename is generated automatically.
The initialization function has the signature:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyInit_modulename(void)
It returns either a fully-initialized module, or a :c:type:`PyModuleDef` instance. See :ref:`initializing-modules` for details.
For modules with ASCII-only names, the function must be named
PyInit_<modulename>, with <modulename> replaced by the name of the
module. When using :ref:`multi-phase-initialization`, non-ASCII module names
are allowed. In this case, the initialization function name is
PyInitU_<modulename>, with <modulename> encoded using Python's
punycode encoding with hyphens replaced by underscores. In Python:
def initfunc_name(name):
try:
suffix = b'_' + name.encode('ascii')
except UnicodeEncodeError:
suffix = b'U_' + name.encode('punycode').replace(b'-', b'_')
return b'PyInit' + suffix
It is possible to export multiple modules from a single shared library by defining multiple initialization functions. However, importing them requires using symbolic links or a custom importer, because by default only the function corresponding to the filename is found. See the "Multiple modules in one library" section in Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
.. sectionauthor:: Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
Extension modules can be built using distutils, which is included in Python. Since distutils also supports creation of binary packages, users don't necessarily need a compiler and distutils to install the extension.
A distutils package contains a driver script, :file:`setup.py`. This is a plain Python file, which, in the most simple case, could look like this:
from distutils.core import setup, Extension
module1 = Extension('demo',
sources = ['demo.c'])
setup (name = 'PackageName',
version = '1.0',
description = 'This is a demo package',
ext_modules = [module1])
With this :file:`setup.py`, and a file :file:`demo.c`, running
python setup.py build
will compile :file:`demo.c`, and produce an extension module named demo in
the :file:`build` directory. Depending on the system, the module file will end
up in a subdirectory :file:`build/lib.system`, and may have a name like
:file:`demo.so` or :file:`demo.pyd`.
In the :file:`setup.py`, all execution is performed by calling the setup
function. This takes a variable number of keyword arguments, of which the
example above uses only a subset. Specifically, the example specifies
meta-information to build packages, and it specifies the contents of the
package. Normally, a package will contain additional modules, like Python
source modules, documentation, subpackages, etc. Please refer to the distutils
documentation in :ref:`distutils-index` to learn more about the features of
distutils; this section explains building extension modules only.
It is common to pre-compute arguments to :func:`setup`, to better structure the
driver script. In the example above, the ext_modules argument to
:func:`~distutils.core.setup` is a list of extension modules, each of which is
an instance of
the :class:`~distutils.extension.Extension`. In the example, the instance
defines an extension named demo which is build by compiling a single source
file, :file:`demo.c`.
In many cases, building an extension is more complex, since additional preprocessor defines and libraries may be needed. This is demonstrated in the example below.
from distutils.core import setup, Extension
module1 = Extension('demo',
define_macros = [('MAJOR_VERSION', '1'),
('MINOR_VERSION', '0')],
include_dirs = ['/usr/local/include'],
libraries = ['tcl83'],
library_dirs = ['/usr/local/lib'],
sources = ['demo.c'])
setup (name = 'PackageName',
version = '1.0',
description = 'This is a demo package',
author = 'Martin v. Loewis',
author_email = 'martin@v.loewis.de',
url = 'https://docs.python.org/extending/building',
long_description = '''
This is really just a demo package.
''',
ext_modules = [module1])
In this example, :func:`~distutils.core.setup` is called with additional meta-information, which is recommended when distribution packages have to be built. For the extension itself, it specifies preprocessor defines, include directories, library directories, and libraries. Depending on the compiler, distutils passes this information in different ways to the compiler. For example, on Unix, this may result in the compilation commands
gcc -DNDEBUG -g -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fPIC -DMAJOR_VERSION=1 -DMINOR_VERSION=0 -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/local/include/python2.2 -c demo.c -o build/temp.linux-i686-2.2/demo.o
gcc -shared build/temp.linux-i686-2.2/demo.o -L/usr/local/lib -ltcl83 -o build/lib.linux-i686-2.2/demo.so
These lines are for demonstration purposes only; distutils users should trust that distutils gets the invocations right.
When an extension has been successfully built, there are three ways to use it.
End-users will typically want to install the module, they do so by running
python setup.py install
Module maintainers should produce source packages; to do so, they run
python setup.py sdist
In some cases, additional files need to be included in a source distribution; this is done through a :file:`MANIFEST.in` file; see :ref:`manifest` for details.
If the source distribution has been built successfully, maintainers can also create binary distributions. Depending on the platform, one of the following commands can be used to do so.
python setup.py bdist_wininst
python setup.py bdist_rpm
python setup.py bdist_dumb
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