.. highlightlang:: c

Integer Objects

.. index:: object: long integer
 object: integer

All integers are implemented as "long" integer objects of arbitrary size.

On error, most PyLong_As* APIs return (return type)-1 which cannot be distinguished from a number. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

.. c:type:: PyLongObject

 This subtype of :c:type:`PyObject` represents a Python integer object.

.. c:var:: PyTypeObject PyLong_Type

 This instance of :c:type:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python integer type.
 This is the same object as :class:`int` in the Python layer.

.. c:function:: int PyLong_Check(PyObject *p)

 Return true if its argument is a :c:type:`PyLongObject` or a subtype of
 :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

.. c:function:: int PyLong_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

 Return true if its argument is a :c:type:`PyLongObject`, but not a subtype of
 :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromLong(long v)

 Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from *v*, or *NULL* on failure.

 The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for all integers
 between ``-5`` and ``256``, when you create an int in that range you actually
 just get back a reference to the existing object. So it should be possible to
 change the value of ``1``. I suspect the behaviour of Python in this case is
 undefined. :-)

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)

 Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from a C :c:type:`unsigned long`, or
 *NULL* on failure.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t v)

 Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from a C :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`, or
 *NULL* on failure.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t v)

 Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from a C :c:type:`size_t`, or
 *NULL* on failure.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromLongLong(long long v)

 Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from a C :c:type:`long long`, or *NULL*
 on failure.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned long long v)

 Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from a C :c:type:`unsigned long long`,
 or *NULL* on failure.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromDouble(double v)

 Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` object from the integer part of *v*, or
 *NULL* on failure.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromString(const char *str, char **pend, int base)

 Return a new :c:type:`PyLongObject` based on the string value in *str*, which
 is interpreted according to the radix in *base*. If *pend* is non-*NULL*,
 *\*pend* will point to the first character in *str* which follows the
 representation of the number. If *base* is ``0``, *str* is interpreted using
 the :ref:`integers` definition; in this case, leading zeros in a
 non-zero decimal number raises a :exc:`ValueError`. If *base* is not ``0``,
 it must be between ``2`` and ``36``, inclusive. Leading spaces and single
 underscores after a base specifier and between digits are ignored. If there
 are no digits, :exc:`ValueError` will be raised.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnicode(Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t length, int base)

 Convert a sequence of Unicode digits to a Python integer value. The Unicode
 string is first encoded to a byte string using :c:func:`PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal`
 and then converted using :c:func:`PyLong_FromString`.

 .. deprecated-removed:: 3.3 4.0
 Part of the old-style :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` API; please migrate to using
 :c:func:`PyLong_FromUnicodeObject`.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnicodeObject(PyObject *u, int base)

 Convert a sequence of Unicode digits in the string *u* to a Python integer
 value. The Unicode string is first encoded to a byte string using
 :c:func:`PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal` and then converted using
 :c:func:`PyLong_FromString`.

 .. versionadded:: 3.3

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)

 Create a Python integer from the pointer *p*. The pointer value can be
 retrieved from the resulting value using :c:func:`PyLong_AsVoidPtr`.

.. c:function:: long PyLong_AsLong(PyObject *obj)

 .. index::
 single: LONG_MAX
 single: OverflowError (built-in exception)

 Return a C :c:type:`long` representation of *obj*. If *obj* is not an
 instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`__int__` method
 (if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
 :c:type:`long`.

 Returns ``-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

.. c:function:: long PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)

 Return a C :c:type:`long` representation of *obj*. If *obj* is not an
 instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`__int__` method
 (if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 If the value of *obj* is greater than :const:`LONG_MAX` or less than
 :const:`LONG_MIN`, set *\*overflow* to ``1`` or ``-1``, respectively, and
 return ``-1``; otherwise, set *\*overflow* to ``0``. If any other exception
 occurs set *\*overflow* to ``0`` and return ``-1`` as usual.

 Returns ``-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

.. c:function:: long long PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *obj)

 .. index::
 single: OverflowError (built-in exception)

 Return a C :c:type:`long long` representation of *obj*. If *obj* is not an
 instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`__int__` method
 (if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
 :c:type:`long`.

 Returns ``-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

.. c:function:: long long PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)

 Return a C :c:type:`long long` representation of *obj*. If *obj* is not an
 instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`__int__` method
 (if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 If the value of *obj* is greater than :const:`PY_LLONG_MAX` or less than
 :const:`PY_LLONG_MIN`, set *\*overflow* to ``1`` or ``-1``, respectively,
 and return ``-1``; otherwise, set *\*overflow* to ``0``. If any other
 exception occurs set *\*overflow* to ``0`` and return ``-1`` as usual.

 Returns ``-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

 .. versionadded:: 3.2

.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyObject *pylong)

 .. index::
 single: PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
 single: OverflowError (built-in exception)

 Return a C :c:type:`Py_ssize_t` representation of *pylong*. *pylong* must
 be an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *pylong* is out of range for a
 :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`.

 Returns ``-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

.. c:function:: unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *pylong)

 .. index::
 single: ULONG_MAX
 single: OverflowError (built-in exception)

 Return a C :c:type:`unsigned long` representation of *pylong*. *pylong*
 must be an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *pylong* is out of range for a
 :c:type:`unsigned long`.

 Returns ``(unsigned long)-1`` on error.
 Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

.. c:function:: size_t PyLong_AsSize_t(PyObject *pylong)

 .. index::
 single: SIZE_MAX
 single: OverflowError (built-in exception)

 Return a C :c:type:`size_t` representation of *pylong*. *pylong* must be
 an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *pylong* is out of range for a
 :c:type:`size_t`.

 Returns ``(size_t)-1`` on error.
 Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

.. c:function:: unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *pylong)

 .. index::
 single: OverflowError (built-in exception)

 Return a C :c:type:`unsigned long long` representation of *pylong*. *pylong*
 must be an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *pylong* is out of range for an
 :c:type:`unsigned long long`.

 Returns ``(unsigned long long)-1`` on error.
 Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

 .. versionchanged:: 3.1
 A negative *pylong* now raises :exc:`OverflowError`, not :exc:`TypeError`.

.. c:function:: unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *obj)

 Return a C :c:type:`unsigned long` representation of *obj*. If *obj*
 is not an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`__int__`
 method (if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 If the value of *obj* is out of range for an :c:type:`unsigned long`,
 return the reduction of that value modulo ``ULONG_MAX + 1``.

 Returns ``(unsigned long)-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to
 disambiguate.

.. c:function:: unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *obj)

 Return a C :c:type:`unsigned long long` representation of *obj*. If *obj*
 is not an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`, first call its :meth:`__int__`
 method (if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 If the value of *obj* is out of range for an :c:type:`unsigned long long`,
 return the reduction of that value modulo ``PY_ULLONG_MAX + 1``.

 Returns ``(unsigned long long)-1`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred`
 to disambiguate.

.. c:function:: double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)

 Return a C :c:type:`double` representation of *pylong*. *pylong* must be
 an instance of :c:type:`PyLongObject`.

 Raise :exc:`OverflowError` if the value of *pylong* is out of range for a
 :c:type:`double`.

 Returns ``-1.0`` on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

.. c:function:: void* PyLong_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *pylong)

 Convert a Python integer *pylong* to a C :c:type:`void` pointer.
 If *pylong* cannot be converted, an :exc:`OverflowError` will be raised. This
 is only assured to produce a usable :c:type:`void` pointer for values created
 with :c:func:`PyLong_FromVoidPtr`.

 Returns *NULL* on error. Use :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` to disambiguate.

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