"""
* Binary Exponentiation for Powers
* This is a method to find a^b in a time complexity of O(log b)
* This is one of the most commonly used methods of finding powers.
* Also useful in cases where solution to (a^b)%c is required,
* where a,b,c can be numbers over the computers calculation limits.
* Done using iteration, can also be done using recursion

* @author chinmoy159
* @version 1.0 dated 10/08/2017
"""


def b_expo(a, b):
 res = 1
 while b > 0:
 if b&1:
 res *= a

 a *= a
 b >>= 1

 return res


def b_expo_mod(a, b, c):
 res = 1
 while b > 0:
 if b&1:
 res = ((res%c) * (a%c)) % c

 a *= a
 b >>= 1

 return res

"""
* Wondering how this method works !
* It's pretty simple.
* Let's say you need to calculate a ^ b
* RULE 1 : a ^ b = (a*a) ^ (b/2) ---- example : 4 ^ 4 = (4*4) ^ (4/2) = 16 ^ 2
* RULE 2 : IF b is ODD, then ---- a ^ b = a * (a ^ (b - 1)) :: where (b - 1) is even.
* Once b is even, repeat the process to get a ^ b
* Repeat the process till b = 1 OR b = 0, because a^1 = a AND a^0 = 1
*
* As far as the modulo is concerned,
* the fact : (a*b) % c = ((a%c) * (b%c)) % c
* Now apply RULE 1 OR 2 whichever is required.
"""