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/*
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 * Copyright (c) 2007-2012, Stephen Colebourne & Michael Nascimento Santos
 *
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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 * * Neither the name of JSR-310 nor the names of its contributors
 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 * without specific prior written permission.
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 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
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 */
package java.time;

import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.HOUR_OF_DAY;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.MICRO_OF_DAY;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.MINUTE_OF_HOUR;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.NANO_OF_DAY;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.NANO_OF_SECOND;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.SECOND_OF_DAY;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.SECOND_OF_MINUTE;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit.NANOS;

import java.io.DataInput;
import java.io.DataOutput;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.time.format.DateTimeParseException;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoField;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
import java.time.temporal.Temporal;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjuster;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAmount;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalField;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalQueries;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalQuery;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalUnit;
import java.time.temporal.UnsupportedTemporalTypeException;
import java.time.temporal.ValueRange;
import java.util.Objects;

/**
 * A time without a time-zone in the ISO-8601 calendar system,
 * such as {@code 10:15:30}.
 * <p>
 * {@code LocalTime} is an immutable date-time object that represents a time,
 * often viewed as hour-minute-second.
 * Time is represented to nanosecond precision.
 * For example, the value "13:45.30.123456789" can be stored in a {@code LocalTime}.
 * <p>
 * This class does not store or represent a date or time-zone.
 * Instead, it is a description of the local time as seen on a wall clock.
 * It cannot represent an instant on the time-line without additional information
 * such as an offset or time-zone.
 * <p>
 * The ISO-8601 calendar system is the modern civil calendar system used today
 * in most of the world. This API assumes that all calendar systems use the same
 * representation, this class, for time-of-day.
 *
 * <p>
 * This is a <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/doc-files/ValueBased.html">value-based</a>
 * class; use of identity-sensitive operations (including reference equality
 * ({@code ==}), identity hash code, or synchronization) on instances of
 * {@code LocalTime} may have unpredictable results and should be avoided.
 * The {@code equals} method should be used for comparisons.
 *
 * @implSpec
 * This class is immutable and thread-safe.
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
public final class LocalTime
 implements Temporal, TemporalAdjuster, Comparable<LocalTime>, Serializable {

 /**
 * The minimum supported {@code LocalTime}, '00:00'.
 * This is the time of midnight at the start of the day.
 */
 public static final LocalTime MIN;
 /**
 * The maximum supported {@code LocalTime}, '23:59:59.999999999'.
 * This is the time just before midnight at the end of the day.
 */
 public static final LocalTime MAX;
 /**
 * The time of midnight at the start of the day, '00:00'.
 */
 public static final LocalTime MIDNIGHT;
 /**
 * The time of noon in the middle of the day, '12:00'.
 */
 public static final LocalTime NOON;
 /**
 * Constants for the local time of each hour.
 */
 private static final LocalTime[] HOURS = new LocalTime[24];
 static {
 for (int i = 0; i < HOURS.length; i++) {
 HOURS[i] = new LocalTime(i, 0, 0, 0);
 }
 MIDNIGHT = HOURS[0];
 NOON = HOURS[12];
 MIN = HOURS[0];
 MAX = new LocalTime(23, 59, 59, 999_999_999);
 }

 /**
 * Hours per day.
 */
 static final int HOURS_PER_DAY = 24;
 /**
 * Minutes per hour.
 */
 static final int MINUTES_PER_HOUR = 60;
 /**
 * Minutes per day.
 */
 static final int MINUTES_PER_DAY = MINUTES_PER_HOUR * HOURS_PER_DAY;
 /**
 * Seconds per minute.
 */
 static final int SECONDS_PER_MINUTE = 60;
 /**
 * Seconds per hour.
 */
 static final int SECONDS_PER_HOUR = SECONDS_PER_MINUTE * MINUTES_PER_HOUR;
 /**
 * Seconds per day.
 */
 static final int SECONDS_PER_DAY = SECONDS_PER_HOUR * HOURS_PER_DAY;
 /**
 * Milliseconds per day.
 */
 static final long MILLIS_PER_DAY = SECONDS_PER_DAY * 1000L;
 /**
 * Microseconds per day.
 */
 static final long MICROS_PER_DAY = SECONDS_PER_DAY * 1000_000L;
 /**
 * Nanos per millisecond.
 */
 static final long NANOS_PER_MILLI = 1000_000L;
 /**
 * Nanos per second.
 */
 static final long NANOS_PER_SECOND = 1000_000_000L;
 /**
 * Nanos per minute.
 */
 static final long NANOS_PER_MINUTE = NANOS_PER_SECOND * SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
 /**
 * Nanos per hour.
 */
 static final long NANOS_PER_HOUR = NANOS_PER_MINUTE * MINUTES_PER_HOUR;
 /**
 * Nanos per day.
 */
 static final long NANOS_PER_DAY = NANOS_PER_HOUR * HOURS_PER_DAY;

 /**
 * Serialization version.
 */
 private static final long serialVersionUID = 6414437269572265201L;

 /**
 * The hour.
 */
 private final byte hour;
 /**
 * The minute.
 */
 private final byte minute;
 /**
 * The second.
 */
 private final byte second;
 /**
 * The nanosecond.
 */
 private final int nano;

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Obtains the current time from the system clock in the default time-zone.
 * <p>
 * This will query the {@link Clock#systemDefaultZone() system clock} in the default
 * time-zone to obtain the current time.
 * <p>
 * Using this method will prevent the ability to use an alternate clock for testing
 * because the clock is hard-coded.
 *
 * @return the current time using the system clock and default time-zone, not null
 */
 public static LocalTime now() {
 return now(Clock.systemDefaultZone());
 }

 /**
 * Obtains the current time from the system clock in the specified time-zone.
 * <p>
 * This will query the {@link Clock#system(ZoneId) system clock} to obtain the current time.
 * Specifying the time-zone avoids dependence on the default time-zone.
 * <p>
 * Using this method will prevent the ability to use an alternate clock for testing
 * because the clock is hard-coded.
 *
 * @param zone the zone ID to use, not null
 * @return the current time using the system clock, not null
 */
 public static LocalTime now(ZoneId zone) {
 return now(Clock.system(zone));
 }

 /**
 * Obtains the current time from the specified clock.
 * <p>
 * This will query the specified clock to obtain the current time.
 * Using this method allows the use of an alternate clock for testing.
 * The alternate clock may be introduced using {@link Clock dependency injection}.
 *
 * @param clock the clock to use, not null
 * @return the current time, not null
 */
 public static LocalTime now(Clock clock) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(clock, "clock");
 final Instant now = clock.instant(); // called once
 return ofInstant(now, clock.getZone());
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from an hour and minute.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified hour and minute.
 * The second and nanosecond fields will be set to zero.
 *
 * @param hour the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
 * @param minute the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
 * @return the local time, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the value of any field is out of range
 */
 public static LocalTime of(int hour, int minute) {
 HOUR_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(hour);
 if (minute == 0) {
 return HOURS[hour]; // for performance
 }
 MINUTE_OF_HOUR.checkValidValue(minute);
 return new LocalTime(hour, minute, 0, 0);
 }

 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from an hour, minute and second.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified hour, minute and second.
 * The nanosecond field will be set to zero.
 *
 * @param hour the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
 * @param minute the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
 * @param second the second-of-minute to represent, from 0 to 59
 * @return the local time, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the value of any field is out of range
 */
 public static LocalTime of(int hour, int minute, int second) {
 HOUR_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(hour);
 if ((minute | second) == 0) {
 return HOURS[hour]; // for performance
 }
 MINUTE_OF_HOUR.checkValidValue(minute);
 SECOND_OF_MINUTE.checkValidValue(second);
 return new LocalTime(hour, minute, second, 0);
 }

 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from an hour, minute, second and nanosecond.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified hour, minute, second and nanosecond.
 *
 * @param hour the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
 * @param minute the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
 * @param second the second-of-minute to represent, from 0 to 59
 * @param nanoOfSecond the nano-of-second to represent, from 0 to 999,999,999
 * @return the local time, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the value of any field is out of range
 */
 public static LocalTime of(int hour, int minute, int second, int nanoOfSecond) {
 HOUR_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(hour);
 MINUTE_OF_HOUR.checkValidValue(minute);
 SECOND_OF_MINUTE.checkValidValue(second);
 NANO_OF_SECOND.checkValidValue(nanoOfSecond);
 return create(hour, minute, second, nanoOfSecond);
 }

 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from an {@code Instant} and zone ID.
 * <p>
 * This creates a local time based on the specified instant.
 * First, the offset from UTC/Greenwich is obtained using the zone ID and instant,
 * which is simple as there is only one valid offset for each instant.
 * Then, the instant and offset are used to calculate the local time.
 *
 * @param instant the instant to create the time from, not null
 * @param zone the time-zone, which may be an offset, not null
 * @return the local time, not null
 * @since 9
 */
 public static LocalTime ofInstant(Instant instant, ZoneId zone) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(instant, "instant");
 Objects.requireNonNull(zone, "zone");
 ZoneOffset offset = zone.getRules().getOffset(instant);
 long localSecond = instant.getEpochSecond() + offset.getTotalSeconds();
 int secsOfDay = Math.floorMod(localSecond, SECONDS_PER_DAY);
 return ofNanoOfDay(secsOfDay * NANOS_PER_SECOND + instant.getNano());
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from a second-of-day value.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified second-of-day.
 * The nanosecond field will be set to zero.
 *
 * @param secondOfDay the second-of-day, from {@code 0} to {@code 24 * 60 * 60 - 1}
 * @return the local time, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the second-of-day value is invalid
 */
 public static LocalTime ofSecondOfDay(long secondOfDay) {
 SECOND_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(secondOfDay);
 int hours = (int) (secondOfDay / SECONDS_PER_HOUR);
 secondOfDay -= hours * SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
 int minutes = (int) (secondOfDay / SECONDS_PER_MINUTE);
 secondOfDay -= minutes * SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
 return create(hours, minutes, (int) secondOfDay, 0);
 }

 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from a nanos-of-day value.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified nanosecond-of-day.
 *
 * @param nanoOfDay the nano of day, from {@code 0} to {@code 24 * 60 * 60 * 1,000,000,000 - 1}
 * @return the local time, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the nanos of day value is invalid
 */
 public static LocalTime ofNanoOfDay(long nanoOfDay) {
 NANO_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(nanoOfDay);
 int hours = (int) (nanoOfDay / NANOS_PER_HOUR);
 nanoOfDay -= hours * NANOS_PER_HOUR;
 int minutes = (int) (nanoOfDay / NANOS_PER_MINUTE);
 nanoOfDay -= minutes * NANOS_PER_MINUTE;
 int seconds = (int) (nanoOfDay / NANOS_PER_SECOND);
 nanoOfDay -= seconds * NANOS_PER_SECOND;
 return create(hours, minutes, seconds, (int) nanoOfDay);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from a temporal object.
 * <p>
 * This obtains a local time based on the specified temporal.
 * A {@code TemporalAccessor} represents an arbitrary set of date and time information,
 * which this factory converts to an instance of {@code LocalTime}.
 * <p>
 * The conversion uses the {@link TemporalQueries#localTime()} query, which relies
 * on extracting the {@link ChronoField#NANO_OF_DAY NANO_OF_DAY} field.
 * <p>
 * This method matches the signature of the functional interface {@link TemporalQuery}
 * allowing it to be used as a query via method reference, {@code LocalTime::from}.
 *
 * @param temporal the temporal object to convert, not null
 * @return the local time, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if unable to convert to a {@code LocalTime}
 */
 public static LocalTime from(TemporalAccessor temporal) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(temporal, "temporal");
 LocalTime time = temporal.query(TemporalQueries.localTime());
 if (time == null) {
 throw new DateTimeException("Unable to obtain LocalTime from TemporalAccessor: " +
 temporal + " of type " + temporal.getClass().getName());
 }
 return time;
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from a text string such as {@code 10:15}.
 * <p>
 * The string must represent a valid time and is parsed using
 * {@link java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter#ISO_LOCAL_TIME}.
 *
 * @param text the text to parse such as "10:15:30", not null
 * @return the parsed local time, not null
 * @throws DateTimeParseException if the text cannot be parsed
 */
 public static LocalTime parse(CharSequence text) {
 return parse(text, DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_TIME);
 }

 /**
 * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from a text string using a specific formatter.
 * <p>
 * The text is parsed using the formatter, returning a time.
 *
 * @param text the text to parse, not null
 * @param formatter the formatter to use, not null
 * @return the parsed local time, not null
 * @throws DateTimeParseException if the text cannot be parsed
 */
 public static LocalTime parse(CharSequence text, DateTimeFormatter formatter) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(formatter, "formatter");
 return formatter.parse(text, LocalTime::from);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Creates a local time from the hour, minute, second and nanosecond fields.
 * <p>
 * This factory may return a cached value, but applications must not rely on this.
 *
 * @param hour the hour-of-day to represent, validated from 0 to 23
 * @param minute the minute-of-hour to represent, validated from 0 to 59
 * @param second the second-of-minute to represent, validated from 0 to 59
 * @param nanoOfSecond the nano-of-second to represent, validated from 0 to 999,999,999
 * @return the local time, not null
 */
 private static LocalTime create(int hour, int minute, int second, int nanoOfSecond) {
 if ((minute | second | nanoOfSecond) == 0) {
 return HOURS[hour];
 }
 return new LocalTime(hour, minute, second, nanoOfSecond);
 }

 /**
 * Constructor, previously validated.
 *
 * @param hour the hour-of-day to represent, validated from 0 to 23
 * @param minute the minute-of-hour to represent, validated from 0 to 59
 * @param second the second-of-minute to represent, validated from 0 to 59
 * @param nanoOfSecond the nano-of-second to represent, validated from 0 to 999,999,999
 */
 private LocalTime(int hour, int minute, int second, int nanoOfSecond) {
 this.hour = (byte) hour;
 this.minute = (byte) minute;
 this.second = (byte) second;
 this.nano = nanoOfSecond;
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Checks if the specified field is supported.
 * <p>
 * This checks if this time can be queried for the specified field.
 * If false, then calling the {@link #range(TemporalField) range},
 * {@link #get(TemporalField) get} and {@link #with(TemporalField, long)}
 * methods will throw an exception.
 * <p>
 * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
 * The supported fields are:
 * <ul>
 * <li>{@code NANO_OF_SECOND}
 * <li>{@code NANO_OF_DAY}
 * <li>{@code MICRO_OF_SECOND}
 * <li>{@code MICRO_OF_DAY}
 * <li>{@code MILLI_OF_SECOND}
 * <li>{@code MILLI_OF_DAY}
 * <li>{@code SECOND_OF_MINUTE}
 * <li>{@code SECOND_OF_DAY}
 * <li>{@code MINUTE_OF_HOUR}
 * <li>{@code MINUTE_OF_DAY}
 * <li>{@code HOUR_OF_AMPM}
 * <li>{@code CLOCK_HOUR_OF_AMPM}
 * <li>{@code HOUR_OF_DAY}
 * <li>{@code CLOCK_HOUR_OF_DAY}
 * <li>{@code AMPM_OF_DAY}
 * </ul>
 * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will return false.
 * <p>
 * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
 * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.isSupportedBy(TemporalAccessor)}
 * passing {@code this} as the argument.
 * Whether the field is supported is determined by the field.
 *
 * @param field the field to check, null returns false
 * @return true if the field is supported on this time, false if not
 */
 @Override
 public boolean isSupported(TemporalField field) {
 if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
 return field.isTimeBased();
 }
 return field != null && field.isSupportedBy(this);
 }

 /**
 * Checks if the specified unit is supported.
 * <p>
 * This checks if the specified unit can be added to, or subtracted from, this time.
 * If false, then calling the {@link #plus(long, TemporalUnit)} and
 * {@link #minus(long, TemporalUnit) minus} methods will throw an exception.
 * <p>
 * If the unit is a {@link ChronoUnit} then the query is implemented here.
 * The supported units are:
 * <ul>
 * <li>{@code NANOS}
 * <li>{@code MICROS}
 * <li>{@code MILLIS}
 * <li>{@code SECONDS}
 * <li>{@code MINUTES}
 * <li>{@code HOURS}
 * <li>{@code HALF_DAYS}
 * </ul>
 * All other {@code ChronoUnit} instances will return false.
 * <p>
 * If the unit is not a {@code ChronoUnit}, then the result of this method
 * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalUnit.isSupportedBy(Temporal)}
 * passing {@code this} as the argument.
 * Whether the unit is supported is determined by the unit.
 *
 * @param unit the unit to check, null returns false
 * @return true if the unit can be added/subtracted, false if not
 */
 @Override // override for Javadoc
 public boolean isSupported(TemporalUnit unit) {
 if (unit instanceof ChronoUnit) {
 return unit.isTimeBased();
 }
 return unit != null && unit.isSupportedBy(this);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Gets the range of valid values for the specified field.
 * <p>
 * The range object expresses the minimum and maximum valid values for a field.
 * This time is used to enhance the accuracy of the returned range.
 * If it is not possible to return the range, because the field is not supported
 * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 * <p>
 * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
 * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return
 * appropriate range instances.
 * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 * <p>
 * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
 * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.rangeRefinedBy(TemporalAccessor)}
 * passing {@code this} as the argument.
 * Whether the range can be obtained is determined by the field.
 *
 * @param field the field to query the range for, not null
 * @return the range of valid values for the field, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the range for the field cannot be obtained
 * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
 */
 @Override // override for Javadoc
 public ValueRange range(TemporalField field) {
 return Temporal.super.range(field);
 }

 /**
 * Gets the value of the specified field from this time as an {@code int}.
 * <p>
 * This queries this time for the value of the specified field.
 * The returned value will always be within the valid range of values for the field.
 * If it is not possible to return the value, because the field is not supported
 * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 * <p>
 * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
 * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return valid
 * values based on this time, except {@code NANO_OF_DAY} and {@code MICRO_OF_DAY}
 * which are too large to fit in an {@code int} and throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 * <p>
 * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
 * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.getFrom(TemporalAccessor)}
 * passing {@code this} as the argument. Whether the value can be obtained,
 * and what the value represents, is determined by the field.
 *
 * @param field the field to get, not null
 * @return the value for the field
 * @throws DateTimeException if a value for the field cannot be obtained or
 * the value is outside the range of valid values for the field
 * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported or
 * the range of values exceeds an {@code int}
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 */
 @Override // override for Javadoc and performance
 public int get(TemporalField field) {
 if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
 return get0(field);
 }
 return Temporal.super.get(field);
 }

 /**
 * Gets the value of the specified field from this time as a {@code long}.
 * <p>
 * This queries this time for the value of the specified field.
 * If it is not possible to return the value, because the field is not supported
 * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 * <p>
 * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
 * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return valid
 * values based on this time.
 * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 * <p>
 * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
 * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.getFrom(TemporalAccessor)}
 * passing {@code this} as the argument. Whether the value can be obtained,
 * and what the value represents, is determined by the field.
 *
 * @param field the field to get, not null
 * @return the value for the field
 * @throws DateTimeException if a value for the field cannot be obtained
 * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 */
 @Override
 public long getLong(TemporalField field) {
 if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
 if (field == NANO_OF_DAY) {
 return toNanoOfDay();
 }
 if (field == MICRO_OF_DAY) {
 return toNanoOfDay() / 1000;
 }
 return get0(field);
 }
 return field.getFrom(this);
 }

 private int get0(TemporalField field) {
 switch ((ChronoField) field) {
 case NANO_OF_SECOND: return nano;
 case NANO_OF_DAY: throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Invalid field 'NanoOfDay' for get() method, use getLong() instead");
 case MICRO_OF_SECOND: return nano / 1000;
 case MICRO_OF_DAY: throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Invalid field 'MicroOfDay' for get() method, use getLong() instead");
 case MILLI_OF_SECOND: return nano / 1000_000;
 case MILLI_OF_DAY: return (int) (toNanoOfDay() / 1000_000);
 case SECOND_OF_MINUTE: return second;
 case SECOND_OF_DAY: return toSecondOfDay();
 case MINUTE_OF_HOUR: return minute;
 case MINUTE_OF_DAY: return hour * 60 + minute;
 case HOUR_OF_AMPM: return hour % 12;
 case CLOCK_HOUR_OF_AMPM: int ham = hour % 12; return (ham % 12 == 0 ? 12 : ham);
 case HOUR_OF_DAY: return hour;
 case CLOCK_HOUR_OF_DAY: return (hour == 0 ? 24 : hour);
 case AMPM_OF_DAY: return hour / 12;
 }
 throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Gets the hour-of-day field.
 *
 * @return the hour-of-day, from 0 to 23
 */
 public int getHour() {
 return hour;
 }

 /**
 * Gets the minute-of-hour field.
 *
 * @return the minute-of-hour, from 0 to 59
 */
 public int getMinute() {
 return minute;
 }

 /**
 * Gets the second-of-minute field.
 *
 * @return the second-of-minute, from 0 to 59
 */
 public int getSecond() {
 return second;
 }

 /**
 * Gets the nano-of-second field.
 *
 * @return the nano-of-second, from 0 to 999,999,999
 */
 public int getNano() {
 return nano;
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Returns an adjusted copy of this time.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the time adjusted.
 * The adjustment takes place using the specified adjuster strategy object.
 * Read the documentation of the adjuster to understand what adjustment will be made.
 * <p>
 * A simple adjuster might simply set the one of the fields, such as the hour field.
 * A more complex adjuster might set the time to the last hour of the day.
 * <p>
 * The result of this method is obtained by invoking the
 * {@link TemporalAdjuster#adjustInto(Temporal)} method on the
 * specified adjuster passing {@code this} as the argument.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param adjuster the adjuster to use, not null
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on {@code this} with the adjustment made, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the adjustment cannot be made
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 */
 @Override
 public LocalTime with(TemporalAdjuster adjuster) {
 // optimizations
 if (adjuster instanceof LocalTime) {
 return (LocalTime) adjuster;
 }
 return (LocalTime) adjuster.adjustInto(this);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this time with the specified field set to a new value.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the value
 * for the specified field changed.
 * This can be used to change any supported field, such as the hour, minute or second.
 * If it is not possible to set the value, because the field is not supported or for
 * some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 * <p>
 * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the adjustment is implemented here.
 * The supported fields behave as follows:
 * <ul>
 * <li>{@code NANO_OF_SECOND} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified nano-of-second.
 * The hour, minute and second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code NANO_OF_DAY} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified nano-of-day.
 * This completely replaces the time and is equivalent to {@link #ofNanoOfDay(long)}.
 * <li>{@code MICRO_OF_SECOND} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the nano-of-second replaced by the specified
 * micro-of-second multiplied by 1,000.
 * The hour, minute and second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code MICRO_OF_DAY} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified micro-of-day.
 * This completely replaces the time and is equivalent to using {@link #ofNanoOfDay(long)}
 * with the micro-of-day multiplied by 1,000.
 * <li>{@code MILLI_OF_SECOND} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the nano-of-second replaced by the specified
 * milli-of-second multiplied by 1,000,000.
 * The hour, minute and second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code MILLI_OF_DAY} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified milli-of-day.
 * This completely replaces the time and is equivalent to using {@link #ofNanoOfDay(long)}
 * with the milli-of-day multiplied by 1,000,000.
 * <li>{@code SECOND_OF_MINUTE} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified second-of-minute.
 * The hour, minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code SECOND_OF_DAY} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified second-of-day.
 * The nano-of-second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code MINUTE_OF_HOUR} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified minute-of-hour.
 * The hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code MINUTE_OF_DAY} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified minute-of-day.
 * The second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code HOUR_OF_AMPM} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified hour-of-am-pm.
 * The AM/PM, minute-of-hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code CLOCK_HOUR_OF_AMPM} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified clock-hour-of-am-pm.
 * The AM/PM, minute-of-hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code HOUR_OF_DAY} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified hour-of-day.
 * The minute-of-hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code CLOCK_HOUR_OF_DAY} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified clock-hour-of-day.
 * The minute-of-hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
 * <li>{@code AMPM_OF_DAY} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified AM/PM.
 * The hour-of-am-pm, minute-of-hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * In all cases, if the new value is outside the valid range of values for the field
 * then a {@code DateTimeException} will be thrown.
 * <p>
 * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 * <p>
 * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
 * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.adjustInto(Temporal, long)}
 * passing {@code this} as the argument. In this case, the field determines
 * whether and how to adjust the instant.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param field the field to set in the result, not null
 * @param newValue the new value of the field in the result
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on {@code this} with the specified field set, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the field cannot be set
 * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 */
 @Override
 public LocalTime with(TemporalField field, long newValue) {
 if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
 ChronoField f = (ChronoField) field;
 f.checkValidValue(newValue);
 switch (f) {
 case NANO_OF_SECOND: return withNano((int) newValue);
 case NANO_OF_DAY: return LocalTime.ofNanoOfDay(newValue);
 case MICRO_OF_SECOND: return withNano((int) newValue * 1000);
 case MICRO_OF_DAY: return LocalTime.ofNanoOfDay(newValue * 1000);
 case MILLI_OF_SECOND: return withNano((int) newValue * 1000_000);
 case MILLI_OF_DAY: return LocalTime.ofNanoOfDay(newValue * 1000_000);
 case SECOND_OF_MINUTE: return withSecond((int) newValue);
 case SECOND_OF_DAY: return plusSeconds(newValue - toSecondOfDay());
 case MINUTE_OF_HOUR: return withMinute((int) newValue);
 case MINUTE_OF_DAY: return plusMinutes(newValue - (hour * 60 + minute));
 case HOUR_OF_AMPM: return plusHours(newValue - (hour % 12));
 case CLOCK_HOUR_OF_AMPM: return plusHours((newValue == 12 ? 0 : newValue) - (hour % 12));
 case HOUR_OF_DAY: return withHour((int) newValue);
 case CLOCK_HOUR_OF_DAY: return withHour((int) (newValue == 24 ? 0 : newValue));
 case AMPM_OF_DAY: return plusHours((newValue - (hour / 12)) * 12);
 }
 throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
 }
 return field.adjustInto(this, newValue);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the hour-of-day altered.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param hour the hour-of-day to set in the result, from 0 to 23
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the requested hour, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the hour value is invalid
 */
 public LocalTime withHour(int hour) {
 if (this.hour == hour) {
 return this;
 }
 HOUR_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(hour);
 return create(hour, minute, second, nano);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the minute-of-hour altered.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param minute the minute-of-hour to set in the result, from 0 to 59
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the requested minute, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the minute value is invalid
 */
 public LocalTime withMinute(int minute) {
 if (this.minute == minute) {
 return this;
 }
 MINUTE_OF_HOUR.checkValidValue(minute);
 return create(hour, minute, second, nano);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the second-of-minute altered.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param second the second-of-minute to set in the result, from 0 to 59
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the requested second, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the second value is invalid
 */
 public LocalTime withSecond(int second) {
 if (this.second == second) {
 return this;
 }
 SECOND_OF_MINUTE.checkValidValue(second);
 return create(hour, minute, second, nano);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the nano-of-second altered.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param nanoOfSecond the nano-of-second to set in the result, from 0 to 999,999,999
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the requested nanosecond, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the nanos value is invalid
 */
 public LocalTime withNano(int nanoOfSecond) {
 if (this.nano == nanoOfSecond) {
 return this;
 }
 NANO_OF_SECOND.checkValidValue(nanoOfSecond);
 return create(hour, minute, second, nanoOfSecond);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the time truncated.
 * <p>
 * Truncation returns a copy of the original time with fields
 * smaller than the specified unit set to zero.
 * For example, truncating with the {@link ChronoUnit#MINUTES minutes} unit
 * will set the second-of-minute and nano-of-second field to zero.
 * <p>
 * The unit must have a {@linkplain TemporalUnit#getDuration() duration}
 * that divides into the length of a standard day without remainder.
 * This includes all supplied time units on {@link ChronoUnit} and
 * {@link ChronoUnit#DAYS DAYS}. Other units throw an exception.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param unit the unit to truncate to, not null
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the time truncated, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if unable to truncate
 * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
 */
 public LocalTime truncatedTo(TemporalUnit unit) {
 if (unit == ChronoUnit.NANOS) {
 return this;
 }
 Duration unitDur = unit.getDuration();
 if (unitDur.getSeconds() > SECONDS_PER_DAY) {
 throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unit is too large to be used for truncation");
 }
 long dur = unitDur.toNanos();
 if ((NANOS_PER_DAY % dur) != 0) {
 throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unit must divide into a standard day without remainder");
 }
 long nod = toNanoOfDay();
 return ofNanoOfDay((nod / dur) * dur);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Returns a copy of this time with the specified amount added.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the specified amount added.
 * The amount is typically {@link Duration} but may be any other type implementing
 * the {@link TemporalAmount} interface.
 * <p>
 * The calculation is delegated to the amount object by calling
 * {@link TemporalAmount#addTo(Temporal)}. The amount implementation is free
 * to implement the addition in any way it wishes, however it typically
 * calls back to {@link #plus(long, TemporalUnit)}. Consult the documentation
 * of the amount implementation to determine if it can be successfully added.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param amountToAdd the amount to add, not null
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the addition made, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the addition cannot be made
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 */
 @Override
 public LocalTime plus(TemporalAmount amountToAdd) {
 return (LocalTime) amountToAdd.addTo(this);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this time with the specified amount added.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the amount
 * in terms of the unit added. If it is not possible to add the amount, because the
 * unit is not supported or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 * <p>
 * If the field is a {@link ChronoUnit} then the addition is implemented here.
 * The supported fields behave as follows:
 * <ul>
 * <li>{@code NANOS} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of nanoseconds added.
 * This is equivalent to {@link #plusNanos(long)}.
 * <li>{@code MICROS} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of microseconds added.
 * This is equivalent to {@link #plusNanos(long)} with the amount
 * multiplied by 1,000.
 * <li>{@code MILLIS} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of milliseconds added.
 * This is equivalent to {@link #plusNanos(long)} with the amount
 * multiplied by 1,000,000.
 * <li>{@code SECONDS} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of seconds added.
 * This is equivalent to {@link #plusSeconds(long)}.
 * <li>{@code MINUTES} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of minutes added.
 * This is equivalent to {@link #plusMinutes(long)}.
 * <li>{@code HOURS} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of hours added.
 * This is equivalent to {@link #plusHours(long)}.
 * <li>{@code HALF_DAYS} -
 * Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of half-days added.
 * This is equivalent to {@link #plusHours(long)} with the amount
 * multiplied by 12.
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * All other {@code ChronoUnit} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 * <p>
 * If the field is not a {@code ChronoUnit}, then the result of this method
 * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalUnit.addTo(Temporal, long)}
 * passing {@code this} as the argument. In this case, the unit determines
 * whether and how to perform the addition.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param amountToAdd the amount of the unit to add to the result, may be negative
 * @param unit the unit of the amount to add, not null
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the specified amount added, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the addition cannot be made
 * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 */
 @Override
 public LocalTime plus(long amountToAdd, TemporalUnit unit) {
 if (unit instanceof ChronoUnit) {
 switch ((ChronoUnit) unit) {
 case NANOS: return plusNanos(amountToAdd);
 case MICROS: return plusNanos((amountToAdd % MICROS_PER_DAY) * 1000);
 case MILLIS: return plusNanos((amountToAdd % MILLIS_PER_DAY) * 1000_000);
 case SECONDS: return plusSeconds(amountToAdd);
 case MINUTES: return plusMinutes(amountToAdd);
 case HOURS: return plusHours(amountToAdd);
 case HALF_DAYS: return plusHours((amountToAdd % 2) * 12);
 }
 throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported unit: " + unit);
 }
 return unit.addTo(this, amountToAdd);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of hours added.
 * <p>
 * This adds the specified number of hours to this time, returning a new time.
 * The calculation wraps around midnight.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param hoursToAdd the hours to add, may be negative
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the hours added, not null
 */
 public LocalTime plusHours(long hoursToAdd) {
 if (hoursToAdd == 0) {
 return this;
 }
 int newHour = ((int) (hoursToAdd % HOURS_PER_DAY) + hour + HOURS_PER_DAY) % HOURS_PER_DAY;
 return create(newHour, minute, second, nano);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of minutes added.
 * <p>
 * This adds the specified number of minutes to this time, returning a new time.
 * The calculation wraps around midnight.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param minutesToAdd the minutes to add, may be negative
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the minutes added, not null
 */
 public LocalTime plusMinutes(long minutesToAdd) {
 if (minutesToAdd == 0) {
 return this;
 }
 int mofd = hour * MINUTES_PER_HOUR + minute;
 int newMofd = ((int) (minutesToAdd % MINUTES_PER_DAY) + mofd + MINUTES_PER_DAY) % MINUTES_PER_DAY;
 if (mofd == newMofd) {
 return this;
 }
 int newHour = newMofd / MINUTES_PER_HOUR;
 int newMinute = newMofd % MINUTES_PER_HOUR;
 return create(newHour, newMinute, second, nano);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of seconds added.
 * <p>
 * This adds the specified number of seconds to this time, returning a new time.
 * The calculation wraps around midnight.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param secondstoAdd the seconds to add, may be negative
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the seconds added, not null
 */
 public LocalTime plusSeconds(long secondstoAdd) {
 if (secondstoAdd == 0) {
 return this;
 }
 int sofd = hour * SECONDS_PER_HOUR +
 minute * SECONDS_PER_MINUTE + second;
 int newSofd = ((int) (secondstoAdd % SECONDS_PER_DAY) + sofd + SECONDS_PER_DAY) % SECONDS_PER_DAY;
 if (sofd == newSofd) {
 return this;
 }
 int newHour = newSofd / SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
 int newMinute = (newSofd / SECONDS_PER_MINUTE) % MINUTES_PER_HOUR;
 int newSecond = newSofd % SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
 return create(newHour, newMinute, newSecond, nano);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of nanoseconds added.
 * <p>
 * This adds the specified number of nanoseconds to this time, returning a new time.
 * The calculation wraps around midnight.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param nanosToAdd the nanos to add, may be negative
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the nanoseconds added, not null
 */
 public LocalTime plusNanos(long nanosToAdd) {
 if (nanosToAdd == 0) {
 return this;
 }
 long nofd = toNanoOfDay();
 long newNofd = ((nanosToAdd % NANOS_PER_DAY) + nofd + NANOS_PER_DAY) % NANOS_PER_DAY;
 if (nofd == newNofd) {
 return this;
 }
 int newHour = (int) (newNofd / NANOS_PER_HOUR);
 int newMinute = (int) ((newNofd / NANOS_PER_MINUTE) % MINUTES_PER_HOUR);
 int newSecond = (int) ((newNofd / NANOS_PER_SECOND) % SECONDS_PER_MINUTE);
 int newNano = (int) (newNofd % NANOS_PER_SECOND);
 return create(newHour, newMinute, newSecond, newNano);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Returns a copy of this time with the specified amount subtracted.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the specified amount subtracted.
 * The amount is typically {@link Duration} but may be any other type implementing
 * the {@link TemporalAmount} interface.
 * <p>
 * The calculation is delegated to the amount object by calling
 * {@link TemporalAmount#subtractFrom(Temporal)}. The amount implementation is free
 * to implement the subtraction in any way it wishes, however it typically
 * calls back to {@link #minus(long, TemporalUnit)}. Consult the documentation
 * of the amount implementation to determine if it can be successfully subtracted.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param amountToSubtract the amount to subtract, not null
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the subtraction made, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the subtraction cannot be made
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 */
 @Override
 public LocalTime minus(TemporalAmount amountToSubtract) {
 return (LocalTime) amountToSubtract.subtractFrom(this);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this time with the specified amount subtracted.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the amount
 * in terms of the unit subtracted. If it is not possible to subtract the amount,
 * because the unit is not supported or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 * <p>
 * This method is equivalent to {@link #plus(long, TemporalUnit)} with the amount negated.
 * See that method for a full description of how addition, and thus subtraction, works.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param amountToSubtract the amount of the unit to subtract from the result, may be negative
 * @param unit the unit of the amount to subtract, not null
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the specified amount subtracted, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if the subtraction cannot be made
 * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 */
 @Override
 public LocalTime minus(long amountToSubtract, TemporalUnit unit) {
 return (amountToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE ? plus(Long.MAX_VALUE, unit).plus(1, unit) : plus(-amountToSubtract, unit));
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of hours subtracted.
 * <p>
 * This subtracts the specified number of hours from this time, returning a new time.
 * The calculation wraps around midnight.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param hoursToSubtract the hours to subtract, may be negative
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the hours subtracted, not null
 */
 public LocalTime minusHours(long hoursToSubtract) {
 return plusHours(-(hoursToSubtract % HOURS_PER_DAY));
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of minutes subtracted.
 * <p>
 * This subtracts the specified number of minutes from this time, returning a new time.
 * The calculation wraps around midnight.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param minutesToSubtract the minutes to subtract, may be negative
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the minutes subtracted, not null
 */
 public LocalTime minusMinutes(long minutesToSubtract) {
 return plusMinutes(-(minutesToSubtract % MINUTES_PER_DAY));
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of seconds subtracted.
 * <p>
 * This subtracts the specified number of seconds from this time, returning a new time.
 * The calculation wraps around midnight.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param secondsToSubtract the seconds to subtract, may be negative
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the seconds subtracted, not null
 */
 public LocalTime minusSeconds(long secondsToSubtract) {
 return plusSeconds(-(secondsToSubtract % SECONDS_PER_DAY));
 }

 /**
 * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of nanoseconds subtracted.
 * <p>
 * This subtracts the specified number of nanoseconds from this time, returning a new time.
 * The calculation wraps around midnight.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param nanosToSubtract the nanos to subtract, may be negative
 * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the nanoseconds subtracted, not null
 */
 public LocalTime minusNanos(long nanosToSubtract) {
 return plusNanos(-(nanosToSubtract % NANOS_PER_DAY));
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Queries this time using the specified query.
 * <p>
 * This queries this time using the specified query strategy object.
 * The {@code TemporalQuery} object defines the logic to be used to
 * obtain the result. Read the documentation of the query to understand
 * what the result of this method will be.
 * <p>
 * The result of this method is obtained by invoking the
 * {@link TemporalQuery#queryFrom(TemporalAccessor)} method on the
 * specified query passing {@code this} as the argument.
 *
 * @param <R> the type of the result
 * @param query the query to invoke, not null
 * @return the query result, null may be returned (defined by the query)
 * @throws DateTimeException if unable to query (defined by the query)
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs (defined by the query)
 */
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 @Override
 public <R> R query(TemporalQuery<R> query) {
 if (query == TemporalQueries.chronology() || query == TemporalQueries.zoneId() ||
 query == TemporalQueries.zone() || query == TemporalQueries.offset()) {
 return null;
 } else if (query == TemporalQueries.localTime()) {
 return (R) this;
 } else if (query == TemporalQueries.localDate()) {
 return null;
 } else if (query == TemporalQueries.precision()) {
 return (R) NANOS;
 }
 // inline TemporalAccessor.super.query(query) as an optimization
 // non-JDK classes are not permitted to make this optimization
 return query.queryFrom(this);
 }

 /**
 * Adjusts the specified temporal object to have the same time as this object.
 * <p>
 * This returns a temporal object of the same observable type as the input
 * with the time changed to be the same as this.
 * <p>
 * The adjustment is equivalent to using {@link Temporal#with(TemporalField, long)}
 * passing {@link ChronoField#NANO_OF_DAY} as the field.
 * <p>
 * In most cases, it is clearer to reverse the calling pattern by using
 * {@link Temporal#with(TemporalAdjuster)}:
 * <pre>
 * // these two lines are equivalent, but the second approach is recommended
 * temporal = thisLocalTime.adjustInto(temporal);
 * temporal = temporal.with(thisLocalTime);
 * </pre>
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param temporal the target object to be adjusted, not null
 * @return the adjusted object, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if unable to make the adjustment
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 */
 @Override
 public Temporal adjustInto(Temporal temporal) {
 return temporal.with(NANO_OF_DAY, toNanoOfDay());
 }

 /**
 * Calculates the amount of time until another time in terms of the specified unit.
 * <p>
 * This calculates the amount of time between two {@code LocalTime}
 * objects in terms of a single {@code TemporalUnit}.
 * The start and end points are {@code this} and the specified time.
 * The result will be negative if the end is before the start.
 * The {@code Temporal} passed to this method is converted to a
 * {@code LocalTime} using {@link #from(TemporalAccessor)}.
 * For example, the amount in hours between two times can be calculated
 * using {@code startTime.until(endTime, HOURS)}.
 * <p>
 * The calculation returns a whole number, representing the number of
 * complete units between the two times.
 * For example, the amount in hours between 11:30 and 13:29 will only
 * be one hour as it is one minute short of two hours.
 * <p>
 * There are two equivalent ways of using this method.
 * The first is to invoke this method.
 * The second is to use {@link TemporalUnit#between(Temporal, Temporal)}:
 * <pre>
 * // these two lines are equivalent
 * amount = start.until(end, MINUTES);
 * amount = MINUTES.between(start, end);
 * </pre>
 * The choice should be made based on which makes the code more readable.
 * <p>
 * The calculation is implemented in this method for {@link ChronoUnit}.
 * The units {@code NANOS}, {@code MICROS}, {@code MILLIS}, {@code SECONDS},
 * {@code MINUTES}, {@code HOURS} and {@code HALF_DAYS} are supported.
 * Other {@code ChronoUnit} values will throw an exception.
 * <p>
 * If the unit is not a {@code ChronoUnit}, then the result of this method
 * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalUnit.between(Temporal, Temporal)}
 * passing {@code this} as the first argument and the converted input temporal
 * as the second argument.
 * <p>
 * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 *
 * @param endExclusive the end time, exclusive, which is converted to a {@code LocalTime}, not null
 * @param unit the unit to measure the amount in, not null
 * @return the amount of time between this time and the end time
 * @throws DateTimeException if the amount cannot be calculated, or the end
 * temporal cannot be converted to a {@code LocalTime}
 * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
 * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 */
 @Override
 public long until(Temporal endExclusive, TemporalUnit unit) {
 LocalTime end = LocalTime.from(endExclusive);
 if (unit instanceof ChronoUnit) {
 long nanosUntil = end.toNanoOfDay() - toNanoOfDay(); // no overflow
 switch ((ChronoUnit) unit) {
 case NANOS: return nanosUntil;
 case MICROS: return nanosUntil / 1000;
 case MILLIS: return nanosUntil / 1000_000;
 case SECONDS: return nanosUntil / NANOS_PER_SECOND;
 case MINUTES: return nanosUntil / NANOS_PER_MINUTE;
 case HOURS: return nanosUntil / NANOS_PER_HOUR;
 case HALF_DAYS: return nanosUntil / (12 * NANOS_PER_HOUR);
 }
 throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported unit: " + unit);
 }
 return unit.between(this, end);
 }

 /**
 * Formats this time using the specified formatter.
 * <p>
 * This time will be passed to the formatter to produce a string.
 *
 * @param formatter the formatter to use, not null
 * @return the formatted time string, not null
 * @throws DateTimeException if an error occurs during printing
 */
 public String format(DateTimeFormatter formatter) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(formatter, "formatter");
 return formatter.format(this);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Combines this time with a date to create a {@code LocalDateTime}.
 * <p>
 * This returns a {@code LocalDateTime} formed from this time at the specified date.
 * All possible combinations of date and time are valid.
 *
 * @param date the date to combine with, not null
 * @return the local date-time formed from this time and the specified date, not null
 */
 public LocalDateTime atDate(LocalDate date) {
 return LocalDateTime.of(date, this);
 }

 /**
 * Combines this time with an offset to create an {@code OffsetTime}.
 * <p>
 * This returns an {@code OffsetTime} formed from this time at the specified offset.
 * All possible combinations of time and offset are valid.
 *
 * @param offset the offset to combine with, not null
 * @return the offset time formed from this time and the specified offset, not null
 */
 public OffsetTime atOffset(ZoneOffset offset) {
 return OffsetTime.of(this, offset);
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Extracts the time as seconds of day,
 * from {@code 0} to {@code 24 * 60 * 60 - 1}.
 *
 * @return the second-of-day equivalent to this time
 */
 public int toSecondOfDay() {
 int total = hour * SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
 total += minute * SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
 total += second;
 return total;
 }

 /**
 * Extracts the time as nanos of day,
 * from {@code 0} to {@code 24 * 60 * 60 * 1,000,000,000 - 1}.
 *
 * @return the nano of day equivalent to this time
 */
 public long toNanoOfDay() {
 long total = hour * NANOS_PER_HOUR;
 total += minute * NANOS_PER_MINUTE;
 total += second * NANOS_PER_SECOND;
 total += nano;
 return total;
 }

 /**
 * Converts this {@code LocalTime} to the number of seconds since the epoch
 * of 1970年01月01日T00:00:00Z.
 * <p>
 * This combines this local time with the specified date and
 * offset to calculate the epoch-second value, which is the
 * number of elapsed seconds from 1970年01月01日T00:00:00Z.
 * Instants on the time-line after the epoch are positive, earlier
 * are negative.
 *
 * @param date the local date, not null
 * @param offset the zone offset, not null
 * @return the number of seconds since the epoch of 1970年01月01日T00:00:00Z, may be negative
 * @since 9
 */
 public long toEpochSecond(LocalDate date, ZoneOffset offset) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(date, "date");
 Objects.requireNonNull(offset, "offset");
 long epochDay = date.toEpochDay();
 long secs = epochDay * 86400 + toSecondOfDay();
 secs -= offset.getTotalSeconds();
 return secs;
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Compares this time to another time.
 * <p>
 * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the local times within a day.
 * It is "consistent with equals", as defined by {@link Comparable}.
 *
 * @param other the other time to compare to, not null
 * @return the comparator value, negative if less, positive if greater
 */
 @Override
 public int compareTo(LocalTime other) {
 int cmp = Integer.compare(hour, other.hour);
 if (cmp == 0) {
 cmp = Integer.compare(minute, other.minute);
 if (cmp == 0) {
 cmp = Integer.compare(second, other.second);
 if (cmp == 0) {
 cmp = Integer.compare(nano, other.nano);
 }
 }
 }
 return cmp;
 }

 /**
 * Checks if this time is after the specified time.
 * <p>
 * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the time within a day.
 *
 * @param other the other time to compare to, not null
 * @return true if this is after the specified time
 */
 public boolean isAfter(LocalTime other) {
 return compareTo(other) > 0;
 }

 /**
 * Checks if this time is before the specified time.
 * <p>
 * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the time within a day.
 *
 * @param other the other time to compare to, not null
 * @return true if this point is before the specified time
 */
 public boolean isBefore(LocalTime other) {
 return compareTo(other) < 0;
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Checks if this time is equal to another time.
 * <p>
 * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the time within a day.
 * <p>
 * Only objects of type {@code LocalTime} are compared, other types return false.
 * To compare the date of two {@code TemporalAccessor} instances, use
 * {@link ChronoField#NANO_OF_DAY} as a comparator.
 *
 * @param obj the object to check, null returns false
 * @return true if this is equal to the other time
 */
 @Override
 public boolean equals(Object obj) {
 if (this == obj) {
 return true;
 }
 if (obj instanceof LocalTime) {
 LocalTime other = (LocalTime) obj;
 return hour == other.hour && minute == other.minute &&
 second == other.second && nano == other.nano;
 }
 return false;
 }

 /**
 * A hash code for this time.
 *
 * @return a suitable hash code
 */
 @Override
 public int hashCode() {
 long nod = toNanoOfDay();
 return (int) (nod ^ (nod >>> 32));
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Outputs this time as a {@code String}, such as {@code 10:15}.
 * <p>
 * The output will be one of the following ISO-8601 formats:
 * <ul>
 * <li>{@code HH:mm}</li>
 * <li>{@code HH:mm:ss}</li>
 * <li>{@code HH:mm:ss.SSS}</li>
 * <li>{@code HH:mm:ss.SSSSSS}</li>
 * <li>{@code HH:mm:ss.SSSSSSSSS}</li>
 * </ul>
 * The format used will be the shortest that outputs the full value of
 * the time where the omitted parts are implied to be zero.
 *
 * @return a string representation of this time, not null
 */
 @Override
 public String toString() {
 StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(18);
 int hourValue = hour;
 int minuteValue = minute;
 int secondValue = second;
 int nanoValue = nano;
 buf.append(hourValue < 10 ? "0" : "").append(hourValue)
 .append(minuteValue < 10 ? ":0" : ":").append(minuteValue);
 if (secondValue > 0 || nanoValue > 0) {
 buf.append(secondValue < 10 ? ":0" : ":").append(secondValue);
 if (nanoValue > 0) {
 buf.append('.');
 if (nanoValue % 1000_000 == 0) {
 buf.append(Integer.toString((nanoValue / 1000_000) + 1000).substring(1));
 } else if (nanoValue % 1000 == 0) {
 buf.append(Integer.toString((nanoValue / 1000) + 1000_000).substring(1));
 } else {
 buf.append(Integer.toString((nanoValue) + 1000_000_000).substring(1));
 }
 }
 }
 return buf.toString();
 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
 * Writes the object using a
 * <a href="../../serialized-form.html#java.time.Ser">dedicated serialized form</a>.
 * @serialData
 * A twos-complement value indicates the remaining values are not in the stream
 * and should be set to zero.
 * <pre>
 * out.writeByte(4); // identifies a LocalTime
 * if (nano == 0) {
 * if (second == 0) {
 * if (minute == 0) {
 * out.writeByte(~hour);
 * } else {
 * out.writeByte(hour);
 * out.writeByte(~minute);
 * }
 * } else {
 * out.writeByte(hour);
 * out.writeByte(minute);
 * out.writeByte(~second);
 * }
 * } else {
 * out.writeByte(hour);
 * out.writeByte(minute);
 * out.writeByte(second);
 * out.writeInt(nano);
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * @return the instance of {@code Ser}, not null
 */
 private Object writeReplace() {
 return new Ser(Ser.LOCAL_TIME_TYPE, this);
 }

 /**
 * Defend against malicious streams.
 *
 * @param s the stream to read
 * @throws InvalidObjectException always
 */
 private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s) throws InvalidObjectException {
 throw new InvalidObjectException("Deserialization via serialization delegate");
 }

 void writeExternal(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
 if (nano == 0) {
 if (second == 0) {
 if (minute == 0) {
 out.writeByte(~hour);
 } else {
 out.writeByte(hour);
 out.writeByte(~minute);
 }
 } else {
 out.writeByte(hour);
 out.writeByte(minute);
 out.writeByte(~second);
 }
 } else {
 out.writeByte(hour);
 out.writeByte(minute);
 out.writeByte(second);
 out.writeInt(nano);
 }
 }

 static LocalTime readExternal(DataInput in) throws IOException {
 int hour = in.readByte();
 int minute = 0;
 int second = 0;
 int nano = 0;
 if (hour < 0) {
 hour = ~hour;
 } else {
 minute = in.readByte();
 if (minute < 0) {
 minute = ~minute;
 } else {
 second = in.readByte();
 if (second < 0) {
 second = ~second;
 } else {
 nano = in.readInt();
 }
 }
 }
 return LocalTime.of(hour, minute, second, nano);
 }

}