ka-

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

ka-

1. Alternative form of ker- .

• AK , Ak

Compare Babine-Witsuwit'en ha- ("up, out"), Chipewyan xá- ("out"), Lower Tanana xo- ("upwards"), Koyukon ho- ("up"), Navajo ha- ("up (and out)").

ka-

1. up, up and out, up a slope, ascending
2. With the d- qualifier: randomly, completely, into pieces

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, pages 233-234

Possibly equivalent to ko- (areal prefix) +‎ gha- ("from").

ka-

1. adjacent; the next place

This is one of nine directional prefixes used in Ahtna.

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 243

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kà- ("Class 12 noun prefix")

ka-

1. Class 12 noun prefix.

• Yuko Abe (2006), A Bende Vocabulary‎^[1] , Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page v

• IPA ^(key): /ka/ [kɐ]

Compare Tagalog ka- .

ka- (Badlit spelling ᜃ )

1. (added to adjectives) denotes a state of being; -ness

   Synonyms: pagka- , ka- -an

   ‎ka- + ‎linaw ("calm") → ‎kalinaw ("calmness")

   ‎ka- + ‎bugnaw ("cold") → ‎kabugnaw ("coldness")

2. (added to an adjective) used in exclamations; how...

   Synonyms: -a , ka- -a

   ‎ka- + ‎init ("hot") → ‎kainit! ("how hot!")

3. (added to nouns or verbs) denotes partnership or companionship; co-

   Synonym: isigka-

   ‎ka- + ‎klase ("class") → ‎kaklase ("classmate")

   ‎ka- + ‎away ("to fight") → ‎kaaway ("enemy")

ka- (Badlit spelling ᜃ )

1. short for maka-

Compare kaka and ka .

ka-

1. Forms a noun that denotes partnership or companionship; co-

   ‎ka- + ‎kawat ("play") → ‎kakawat ("playmate")

   ‎ka- + ‎iwal ("fight") → ‎kaiwal ("enemy")

• IPA ^(key): /ka/

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kà- .

ka-

1. Class 12 noun prefix, used with a diminutive or depreciative meaning

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *ká-

ka-

1. Class 12 subject concord.

Perhaps from ka- ("Class 12 noun prefix"), since a lot of class 1a nouns are animals, this could be from animals being put in Class 12 for stories in folklore.

ka-

1. Class 1a noun prefix.

• Steven Paas (2016), Oxford Chichewa-English/English - Chichewa Dictionary‎^[2] , Oxford University Press, page 176

• IPA ^(key): /ka/

ka-

1. marks the first-person plural inclusive ("we, including you") subject on a verb

   ‎ka- + ‎dibaia ("to spear") → ‎kadibaia ("we (incl.) speared it")

   ‎ka- + ‎mai ("to come") → ‎kamai ("we (incl.) came")

• Oa, Morea and Ma`oni Paul. (2014年02月24日). Tentative Grammar Description for the Gabadi Language. [working paper, draft created november 2013; editor: Eileen Gasaway]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: SIL International. Available online: [3]. For the prefix ka-, see page 23, section "5.1.1 subject marking".

ka- (transitive , perfective kina- , intransitive maki- )

1. verbal prefix indicting companionship of the action of the root

ka- (perfective kina- )

1. nominalizing prefix for conconcrete substantives.

   Alternative form: ka- -an

ka-

1. Used with some counted nouns

• Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez (2000), "ka-", in Byron W. Bender, editor, Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar: Ilocano-English, English-Ilocano‎^[4] (overall work in English and Ilocano), Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 230

ka-

1. Rōmaji transcription of か

ka-

1. romanization of ꦏ-

• IPA ^(key): /ka/

ka- (verb base)

1. accidental aspect of the passive intransitive verb

   ‎ka- + ‎gibe ("bring") → ‎kagibe ("(accidentally) taken along ")

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka- , from Proto-Austronesian *ka- .

ka-

1. implies companionship or partnership when prefixed to a root

   ‎ka- + ‎abe ("to accompany") → ‎kayabe ("partner")

   ‎ka- + ‎lagyu ("name") → ‎kalagyu ("namesake")

2. used to refer towards a location: to; toward; in; at; on

   ‎ka- + ‎pusu ("heart") → ‎kapusu ("in the heart")

   ‎ka- + ‎paninap ("dream") → ‎kapaninap ("towards the dream")

3. implies similarity or interaction when prefixed to a root noun

   ‎ka- + ‎lupa ("face") → ‎kalupa ("someone/something similar; look-alike")

   ‎ka- + ‎pate ("fight") → ‎kapate ("enemy")

4. implies repeated action when prefixed to a root that repeats the first syllable

   ‎ka- + ‎gulisak ("shout") → ‎kagugulisak ("repeatedly shouting")

   ‎ka- + ‎isip ("mind, thought") → ‎kaiisip ("thinking a lot")

5. implies causing or producing something in an extreme degree when prefixed to a root that repeats the first two syllables

   ‎ka- + ‎dapat ("should") → ‎karapat-dapat ("deserving")

   ‎ka- + ‎santing ("handsome") → ‎kasanting-santing ("wonderful")

6. implies recent action when prefixed to a root that repeats the first syllable and followed by pamu

   ‎ka- + ‎datang ("come") → ‎kadaratang ("recently arrived")

   ‎ka- + ‎punta ("go") → ‎kapupunta ("recently went")

7. forms nouns from adjectives. the state of

   Synonym: pagka-

   ‎ka- + ‎balisa ("anxious") → ‎kabalisa ("anxiety")

   ‎ka- + ‎tundu ("sleepy") → ‎katundu ("sleepiness")

8. implies posteriority in time. when; if; after

   Synonym: kapagka-

   ‎ka- + ‎papangan ("eat") → ‎kapapangan ("after eating")

   ‎ka- + ‎punta ("go") → ‎kapunta ("when come")

9. implies emphatic, before an adjective, non-productive and followed by na , da or ta

   ‎ka- + ‎timias ("cute") → ‎katimias ("so/very cute")

   ‎ka- + ‎yumi ("innocence; pure") → ‎kayumi ("how/so pretty")

• kaka-

From Proto-Bantu *kà- .

ka-

1. noun class prefix, used with a diminutive meaning

From -ka' ("foot").

• IPA ^(key): /khæ/, /qhæ/

ka-

1. A verbal prefix relating to climbing .

• Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 234

From Proto-Siouan *raka- .

ka-

1. Instrumental prefix: by force; appears often in verbs relating to cutting and striking.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kà- ("Class 12 noun prefix").

ka-

1. Class 12 noun prefix.

• Nobuko Yoneda (2006), A Classified Vocabulary of the Matengo Language‎^[5] , Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page xi

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kà- ("Class 12 noun prefix").

ka-

1. Class 12 noun prefix.

• R.C.Wynne (1980), English-Mbukushu Dictionary‎^[6] , Avebury Publishing Company Limited, page xviii

ka-

1. Used to form ordinal numbers

ka-

1. third person feminine/neuter agent pronominal prefix

-	Initial consonant
Environment	t/s/h/k	n/r/w/’	a	e/en	o/on	i	y
Word-Initial	ka-	ka-	w-	w-	i-	ken-	ka-

ka-

1. noun prefix

• Gunther Michelson (1973), A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 9
• Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976), Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 173

• IPA ^(key): /ˈka-/

ka-

1. Used to form causative verbs.

This prefix sometimes takes the forms koa- , ke- and ko- .

ka-

1. Used to form ordinal numbers.

• Harrison, Sheldon P.; Albert, Salich Y. (1977), Mokilese-English Dictionary‎^[7] , Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 86

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

ka-

1. (Bavarian ) alternative form of gi-

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka- .

• IPA ^(key): /ka/

ka-

1. passive verb-forming prefix

• Javanese: k- , ꦏ- (ka-), ꦏꦼ- (ke-)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kà- ("Class 12 noun prefix").

ka-

1. Class 12 noun prefix.

• M. Hannan, S.J. (1984), Standard Shona Dictionary: Revised Edition with Addendum‎^[8] , Harare College Press, page x

Probably related to South Efate go

• IPA ^(key): /ka/

ka-

1. and (forms dependent verbs)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka- .

ka- (Sundanese script ᮊ- )

1. verb-forming prefix
   1. accidental aspect of the passive transitive verb

      ‎ka- + ‎tijek ("to step on") → ‎katijek ("(accidentally) stepped on")

      ‎ka- + ‎bedil ("gun") → ‎kabedil ("(accidentally) shot")

   2. perfective aspect of the passive transitive verb

      ‎ka- + ‎déngé ("to hear") → ‎kadéngé ("to be heard")

      ‎ka- + ‎baca ("to read") → ‎kabaca ("to be read")

   3. implies that the action can be done

      ‎ka- + ‎harti ("meaning") → ‎kaharti ("(can be) understood")

2. noun-forming prefix
   1. abstract noun-forming prefix

      ‎ka- + ‎rugi ("loss") → ‎karugi ("loss")

      ‎ka- + ‎hayang ("to want") → ‎kahayang ("desire, want")

• Not all roots can be prefixed with ka- only. Some verbs, due to semantic reasons, must feature the suffix -an .^[1] For example:

  ‎ka- + ‎merdika ("free, independent") + ‎-an → ‎kamerdikaan ("independence")

  ‎ka- + ‎kalangkang ("shadow") + ‎-an → ‎kakalangkangan ("to become overshadowed")

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ika- , from Proto-Austronesian *Sika- . Compare Malay ke- , Tagalog ika-

ka-

1. numeral-forming prefix
   1. ordinal number forming prefix; -th

      ‎ka- + ‎hiji ("one") → ‎kahiji ("first")

      ‎ka- + ‎sapuluh ("ten") → ‎kasapuluh ("tenth")

• "ka-" in Maman Sumantri; Atjep Djamaludin; Achmad Patoni; R.H. Moch. Koerdie; M.O. Koesman; Epa Sjafei Adisastra. (1985), Kamus Sunda-Indonesia [Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia

• Audio (Kenya ): (file)

ka-

1. third-person singular animate (m class_(I)) recent-past perfective marker

   Near-synonyms: a li- , a me-

   • 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 5:

     Nimefanya jitihada mwenyewe na Mungu kanisaidia, [...]

     I have worked hard on my own and God has helped me, [...]

   • 2013, "Rais Obama kaondoka, tusirudie maisha ya aibu", in Mwananchi‎^[9] :

     Rais Obama kaondoka, tusirudie maisha ya aibu

     President Obama has left, let us not return to a life of shame

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *ka- , from Proto-Bantu *kà- . In mainland colloquial Swahili and Congo Swahili, this prefix has been reintroduced through borrowing from the local languages there, such as Kikuyu ka- .

In Sabaki, cognate with Giryama ka- and Kipfokomo ka- . Other Bantu cognates include Rwanda-Rundi ka- and Shona ka- .

ka- (plural tu- or bu- (Congo))

1. (Siu, Pate, Tikuu) noun class 12 prefix, replaces the original noun prefix and has diminutive meaning stronger that ki-

   ‎ka- + ‎mbuzi ("goat") → ‎kabuzi ("very small goat")

2. (mainland colloquial Swahili, Congo ) noun class 12 prefix, replaces or goes in front of the original noun prefix and has diminutive or depreciative meaning

   Synonym: (standard) ki-

   ‎ka- + ‎muci ("tree") → ‎kamuci ("small tree")

• Ferrari, Aurélia; Kalunga, Marcel; Mulumbwa, Georges (2014), Le swahili de Lubumbashi: Grammaire, textes, lexique, Karthala, →ISBN:

  Dans cette classe, le préfixe singulier est ka- et le préfixe plurier est tu-. Généralement, ces préfixes se surajoutent aux préfixes de classe du mot, créant ainsi une double préfixation. Par exemple, le nom kamuci « petit arbre » a deux préfixes ka- (classe 12/13) et mu- (classe 3/4). Parfois, ces préfixes ne s'ajoutent pas au préfixe de classe du substantif mais s'y substituent (katoto et non kamutoto « petit enfant »).

• Paulin Baraka Bose (2019), "Analyzing Ways of Speaking Kivu Swahili: Variation and Ethnic Belonging", in Swahili Forum‎^[10] , number 26, pages 258-276:

  Across the Kivu Swahili speech area, the singular diminutive is marked with the noun class prefix ka-, while the plural either requires a noun class 13 prefix tu- (which also serves as a pejorative marker) or a noun class 14 prefix bu-, which simply indicates that there are "many small things", without any pejorative connotation.

• Gibson, Hannah; Githiora, Chege; Erastus, Fridah Kanana; Marten, Lutz (2024), "Morphosyntactic retention and innovation in Sheng, a youth language or stylect of Kenya", in Studies in Language, volume 48, number 4, →DOI , pages 909-950:

  For example, in so-called "Mainland Colloquial Swahili" (Kihore et al. 2001), the introduction of the habitual suffix -ag and the diminutive prefixes ka-/tu- has been attributed to second-language Swahili speakers who have similar features in their first language (King'ei 2000; Marten 2013; Marten & Gibson 2024; Rugemalira 2007).

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

• (Standard Tagalog ) IPA ^(key): /ka/ [k̠ɐ]
• Syllabification: ka-

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *ka- ("mate, partner, cohort").

ka- (Baybayin spelling ᜃ )

1. implies companionship or partnership

   ‎ka- + ‎sama ("to accompany") → ‎kasama ("partner")

   ‎ka- + ‎opisina ("office") → ‎kaopisina ("coworker")

2. implies similarity or interaction

   ‎ka- + ‎mukha ("face") → ‎kamukha ("someone/something similar; look-alike")

   ‎ka- + ‎away ("fight") → ‎kaaway ("enemy")

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka- , from Proto-Austronesian *ka- .

ka- (Baybayin spelling ᜃ )

1. (no longer productive ) implies past time

   ‎ka- + ‎hapon ("afternoon") → ‎kahapon ("yesterday")

   ‎ka- + ‎gabi ("night") → ‎kagabi ("last night")

2. (with initial syllable reduplication) implies repeated action

   ‎ka- + ‎sigaw ("shout") → ‎kasisigaw ("repeatedly shouting")

   ‎ka- + ‎isip ("mind, thought") → ‎kaiisip ("thinking a lot")

3. (with initial syllable reduplication) implies recent action

   ‎ka- + ‎punta ("going") → ‎kapupunta ("recently went")

   ‎ka- + ‎luto ("cooking, cuisine") → ‎kaluluto ("recently cooked")

• (implies recent action): Usually followed by lang or lamang .

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *ka- ("extremely", stative prefix marking high degree of some quality; superlative marker).

ka- (Baybayin spelling ᜃ )

1. indicating a high degree, or the superlative

   ‎ka- + ‎ingay ("noise") → ‎kaingay ("very noisy")

   ‎ka- + ‎tagal ("duration") → ‎katagal ("very long; how long")

2. (with initial two syllables reduplication) indicating a high degree, or the superlative, but with emphasis

   ‎ka- + ‎liwanag ("clarity") → ‎kaliwa-liwanag ("extremely clear")

3. (with initial two syllables reduplication) implies causing or producing something in an extreme degree

   ‎ka- + ‎galang ("respect") → ‎kagalang-galang ("inspiring great respect")

   ‎ka- + ‎paniwala ("belief") → ‎kapani-paniwala ("very plausible")

From Proto-Central Philippine *ka (enumerative marker). Compare Hanunoo ka , Central Bikol ka , Aklanon ka , Cebuano ka , and Hiligaynon ka .

ka- (Baybayin spelling ᜃ ) (no longer productive )

1. indicates a single count or unit of something

   ‎ka- + ‎tao ("person") → ‎katao ("an individual; a single person")

   ‎ka- + ‎putol ("slice") → ‎kaputol ("a single piece")

   ‎ka- + ‎dampot ("handful") → ‎karampot ("a single handful")

• Can be followed after a cardinal numeral to indicate a count. The cardinal numeral is usually not followed by a linker (ex. -ng , na ). However, recently, a linker is also being added to the cardinals.

• (before /e/) ke-
• (before /o/) ko-

From Proto-Bantu *ká- .

• IPA ^(key): /ka-/

ka-

1. class 12 pronominal concord

   ‎ka- + ‎-nu ("this, these") → ‎kanu ("this (class 12)")

2. they; class 12 subject concord

   ‎ka- + ‎-kora ("to do") → ‎kakora ("it (class 12) does")

3. positive imperative form of -ka- ("it; class 12 object concord")

   ‎ka- + ‎-ha ("to give") → ‎kaha ("give it (class 12)")

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[11] , Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kà-

ka-

1. Class 12 noun prefix, used with a diminutive or depreciative meaning.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *ká-

ka-

1. Class 12 subject concord.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kà- .

ka-

1. Class 12 noun prefix

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ká-

1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. alternative form of ma- (hortative)

• C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), "ka-", in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: "ka-"

Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=ka-&oldid=91685965"

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• Tagalog entries with etymology texts
• Requests for etymologies in Xhosa entries
• Requests for etymologies in Zulu entries