Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bitraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots . As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

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Etymology

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By surface analysis, *bītaną ("to bite") +‎ *-raz ("adjectival suffix").^[1] Perhaps inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bhidrós ("biting, splitting"), whence also perhaps Old Armenian բիրտ (birt, "rigid").^[2]

Pronunciation

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IPA ^(key): /ˈbit.rɑz/

Adjective

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*bitraz

bitter
Synonym: *baitraz

Inflection

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Declension of *bitraz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular			plural
masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*bitraz	*bitrō	*bitrą, -atō	*bitrai	*bitrôz	*bitrō
accusative	*bitranǭ	*bitrǭ	*bitrą, -atō	*bitranz	*bitrōz	*bitrō
genitive	*bitras, -is	*bitraizōz	*bitras, -is	*bitraizǫ̂	*bitraizǫ̂	*bitraizǫ̂
dative	*bitrammai	*bitraizōi	*bitrammai	*bitraimaz	*bitraimaz	*bitraimaz
instrumental	*bitranō	*bitraizō	*bitranō	*bitraimiz	*bitraimiz	*bitraimiz
Weak declension
singular			plural
masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*bitrô	*bitrǭ	*bitrô	*bitraniz	*bitrōniz	*bitrōnō
accusative	*bitranų	*bitrōnų	*bitrô	*bitranunz	*bitrōnunz	*bitrōnō
genitive	*bitriniz	*bitrōniz	*bitriniz	*bitranǫ̂	*bitrōnǫ̂	*bitranǫ̂
dative	*bitrini	*bitrōni	*bitrini	*bitrammaz	*bitrōmaz	*bitrammaz
instrumental	*bitrinē	*bitrōnē	*bitrinē	*bitrammiz	*bitrōmiz	*bitrammiz

Related terms

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*baitraz

Descendants

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Proto-West Germanic: *bitr , bittr
- Old English: biter , bitor , bitter , bittor
  - Middle English: bitter
    - English: bitter
    - Scots: bittir
- Old Frisian: *bitter
  - Saterland Frisian: bitter
  - West Frisian: bitter
- Old Saxon: bittar
  - Middle Low German: bitter
    - Low German: bitter
    - Plautdietsch: betta
    - → Danish: bitter
    - → Norwegian: bitter
    - → Swedish: bitter (partly)
- Old Dutch: bitter
  - Middle Dutch: bitter
    - Dutch: bitter
    - Limburgish: bitter
- Old High German: bittar , bitter , pittar
  - Middle High German: bitter , pitter
    - German: bitter
    - Luxembourgish: batter
    - Vilamovian: bytter
    - Yiddish: ביטער (biter)
Old Norse: bitr
- Icelandic: bitur
- Faroese: bitur
- Old Swedish: biter , bitter , beter
  - Swedish: bitter (under Low German influence)
- Danish: biderhvas (compound with hvass )

References

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^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), "*bitra-", in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 66
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), "*bhei̭d-", in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 11

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