West Falls Group
| West Falls Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Frasnian | |
| Fractured concretions in Rhinestreet Shale Member of West Falls Formation | |
| Type | Geologic Group |
| Sub-units |
|
| Underlies | Java Formation |
| Overlies | Sonyea Group |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Shale |
| Other | Black shale |
| Location | |
| Region | Appalachian Basin |
| Country | United States |
| Extent | |
| Type section | |
| Named for | West Falls, New York |
The West Falls Group is a geologic group in the Appalachian Basin. It dates back to the Devonian period. Also stratigraphically equivalent to the Portage Group.
Description
[edit ]Stratigraphy
[edit ]The West Falls Group is a geologic group in New York. It dates back to the Devonian period. Also stratigraphically equivalent to the Portage Group.
The West Falls formation is bounded above by the Java Formation and below by the Sonyea Formation. It comprises the Angola Shale and Rhinestreet Shale Members. It was deposited during the Acadian Orogeny and is part of the Salina thrust sheet.[1]
Also known as the West Falls Formation in New York.
Geographic distribution
[edit ]The West Falls is recognized in the subsurface from western New York to eastern Tennessee.[2]
Lithology
[edit ]The predominant lithology of the West Falls Group is shale. The Rhinestreet Member can be further subdivided into two shale types: a thick, fissile black shale underlies a gray to greenish-gray shale that likely indicates a transitional environment. The Angola member is a gray to greenish-gray shale, easily distinguished by its consistent low gamma ray signature, which is typical of this shale type.[3]
Paleontology
[edit ]The West Falls Formation was deposited during the Frasnian stage of the Upper Devonian. Two distinct community types are observed in the group: "a shallower water spiriferacean-rhynchonellide-bivalve species ensemble, and a deeper water assemblage of unattached epibenthic and sessile semi-infaunal brachiopods" (Sutton, McGee).[4]
Economic significance
[edit ]Both members of the West Falls Formation have been assessed for oil and gas exploration. The USGS has determined that the average total organic carbon (TOC) in the Rhinestreet Shale is 0.89%; the TOC in the Angola Shale is 1.47%.[5]
The Rathbone shale field in Rathbone, Steuben County, New York was discovered in 1931. 31 wells were drilled in this field, targeting the Angola and Rhinestreet members. Of these, 24 produced natural gas, 4 were dry holes, 2 were plugged and abandoned, and one produced oil. The wells were typically 900 to 1,500 feet (270 to 460 m) in depth, reservoir pressure was 225 pounds per square inch (1,550 kilopascals) and flow rates ranged from 100 to 2,000 thousand cubic feet (2,800 to 56,600 m3) per day.[6]
References
[edit ]- ^ "Figure 3" (PDF). pubs.usgs.gov.
- ^ "Angola and Rhinestreet Shales (NYDwf;4)". tin.er.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017年07月12日.
- ^ "Open File Reports" (PDF). dnr.state.oh.us.
- ^ "Late Devonian marine ecosystems of the lower West Falls Group in New York | The Catskill Delta | GeoScienceWorld Books | GeoScienceWorld". specialpapers.gsapubs.org. Retrieved 2017年07月12日.
- ^ "NY Hill Radiation" (PDF). treichlerlawoffice.com.
- ^ "Radiation" (PDF). treichlerlawoffice.com.
External links
[edit ]- Rickard, L.V.; Isachsen, Y.W.; Fisher, D.W. (1970). "Geologic map of New York: Finger Lakes sheet". New York State Museum . Retrieved 2015年09月17日.
- A Map
- State Geology
- OFR 88-3
