Voiced alveolar lateral flap
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Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɺ⟩ in IPA
| Voiced alveolar lateral flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɺ | |||
| IPA number | 181 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɺ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+027A | ||
| X-SAMPA | l\ | ||
| Braille | ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456) | ||
| |||
| Voiced postalveolar lateral flap | |
|---|---|
| ɺ̠ | |
| Audio sample | |
A voiced alveolar lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, found in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɺ⟩, a fusion of a rotated lowercase letter ⟨r⟩ with a letter ⟨l⟩. Approved in 1928, the symbol represented a sound intermediate between [d] and [l][1] [2] or between [r] and [l][3] [4] until 1979, when its value was redefined as an alveolar lateral flap.[5]
Some languages that are described as having a lateral flap actually have a flap that is indeterminate with respect to centrality, and may surface as either central or lateral, either in free variation or allophonically depending on surrounding vowels and consonants.[6]
Additionally, some languages have a voiced postalveolar lateral flap, which can be transcribed in the IPA with the retracted diacritic, such as ⟨ɺ̠⟩.
Features
[edit ]Features of a voiced alveolar lateral flap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal .
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit ]Alveolar
[edit ]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baniwa [7] | riwadzore | [ɺiwa'dzoɺe] | 'ember' | Varies a median flap, but is lateral in careful pronunciation.[7] | |
| Chaga (Vunjo dialect)[8] | iraa | [iɺaa] | 'to dress oneself' | Contrasts with /l̪/ | |
| Iwaidja | ayanjildin[9] | [ajanɟiɺin] | 'sweetheart' | Contrasts /l,ɺ,ɭ ,ɭ̆ / and possibly /ʎ,ʎ̮/. | |
| Japanese [10] | 六 roku | [ɺo̞kɯ̟β] | 'six' | Allophonically [ɾ]. See Japanese phonology | |
| 心 kokoro | [ko̞ko̞ɺo̞] | 'heart' | |||
| Kasua [11] | hilila | [hiɺiɺɑ] | 'heavy' | Never used at the beginning nor the end of a word.[11] | |
| Wayuu | püülükü | [pɨːɺɨkɨ] | 'pig' | Contrasts with /r/. | |
| Yalë [12] | Yalë | [jaɺɛ] | 'Yalë' | In free variation with [d]; written as ⟨d⟩ or ⟨l⟩. | |
Postalveolar
[edit ]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amis | ꞌuꞌul | [ʡuʡuɺ̠ə] | 'fog' | Has a vowel-like release when word final.[13] | |
| Norwegian | Trøndersk [14] | glas | [ˈɡɺ̠ɑːs] | 'glass' | Also described as central [ɽ].[15] See Norwegian phonology |
See also
[edit ]Notes
[edit ]- ^ Association phonétique internationale (1928).
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1949), p. 14.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (1932).
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (1952).
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1978).
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 243.
- ^ a b Souza (2012), p. 78.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 210-211.
- ^ "Mood and Character". ausil.org. Archived from the original on 2022年02月21日. Retrieved 2021年03月11日.
- ^ Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
- ^ a b Logan, Tommy (July 2003). "Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). SIL International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018年07月09日. Retrieved 2018年07月09日.
- ^ Aannested, Aidan. (2020). "Towards a grammar of the Yale language: taking another look at archived field data". SIL International.
- ^ Maddieson, Ian; Wright, Richard (October 1995). "The Vowels and Consonants of Amis — A Preliminary Phonetic Report" (PDF). Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages III. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Volume 91. pp. 45–65.
- ^ Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, p. 155, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- ^ Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1 (2010), Novus forlag: 3–44
References
[edit ]- Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1997). Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-095-6.
- Association phonétique internationale (1928). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 6 (23): 51–53. JSTOR 44704266.
- Association phonétique internationale (1932). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1932)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 10 (37). Supplement. JSTOR 44749172.
- Association phonétique internationale (1952). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1951)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 30 (97). Front matter. JSTOR 44748475.
- International Phonetic Association (1949). "The Principles of the International Phonetic Association". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 27 (91). Supplement. JSTOR i40200179.
- International Phonetic Association (1978). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 1979)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 8 (1–2). Supplement. JSTOR 44541414.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Souza, Erick Marcelo Lima de (2012). Estudo fonológico da Língua Baniwa-Kuripako (Master's dissertation) (in Brazilian Portuguese). University of Campinas. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2012.898354 . hdl:20.500.12733/1619268 .