Jump to content
Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia

User:ND381/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Widely-spoken group of Wu Chinese varieties
Taihu Wu
Northern Wu
太湖片
NativetoPeople's Republic of China
RegionPrimarily in southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, southeastern Anhui, and Shanghai
Speakers47.26 million(2012)[1]
Chinese characters
Language codes
ISO 639-3 None (mis)
ISO 639-6 taiu
tupn
Glottolog taih1244
Linguasphere 79-AAA-db

Taihu Wu (吳語太湖片) or Northern Wu (北部吳語) is a Wu Chinese language spoken in much of the southern part of the province of Jiangsu, including Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, the southern part of Nantong, Jingjiang and Danyang; the municipality of Shanghai; and the northern part of Zhejiang province, including Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Huzhou, and Jiaxing, as well as isolated localities elsewhere along the coast. Northern Wu is the most widely-spoken Wu Chinese variety,[2] and has a high degree of internal mutual intelligibility.[3] [4]

History

[edit ]

Linguistic affinity has also been used as a tool for regional identity and politics in the Jiangbei and Jiangnan regions. While the city of Yangzhou was the center of trade, flourishing and prosperous, it was considered part of Jiangnan, which was known to be wealthy, even though Yangzhou was north of the Yangzi River. Once Yangzhou's wealth and prosperity were gone, it was then considered to be part of Jiangbei, the "backwater".

After Yangzhou was removed from Jiangnan, many of its residents switched from Jianghuai Mandarin, the dialect of Yangzhou, to Taihu Wu dialects. As such, in Jiangnan itself, multiple subdialects of Wu competed for the position of prestige dialect.[5]

In 1984, around 85 million speakers are mutually intelligible with Shanghainese.[6]

Classification

[edit ]

Like other Chinese languages, Northern Wu varieties are tonal and largely adhere to a CGVC(T) syllable structure. Furthermore, as Northern Wu is a branch of Wu Chinese, and therefore exhibits many features expected of the family, such as:

  • voiced obstruent initials /bddʑɡvzʑ/, some even preserving /dʐʐ/[3]
  • a nasal realisation of the historical wei (微), ri (日), and yi (疑) initials[3] [7]
  • lack of palatalisation of velar intials in Qieyun System (QYS) second division (見二等)[3] [7]
  • a merger of class B and D Common Dialectal Chinese (CDC) velar coda rimes, the presence of irregular pronunciations such as 桶 don4 and historical pronunciations such as 鳥 tiau3 and 打 tan3[3] [7]
  • lexemes from a substrate (eg. 落蘇 , 活孫 ) or otherwise (eg. pronouns 我 儂 佢 , negator 勿 )[7]
  • syntactic properties such as DO-IO word order in ditransitive verb phrases[8]

Note, however, that these features may be rarer in Northern Wu varieties, especially in its periphery, due to extensive contact with Mandarinic languages, namely Huai Chinese.[7] [9]

Phonology

[edit ]
Main article: Northern Wu phonology

Taihu Wu varieties tend to preserve historical voiced initials.[10] The number of phonemic vowels can reach numbers higher than that of some Germanic languages.[11] Taihu Wu varieties typically have phonemic 7-8 tones,[12] though some can go as high as 12 or as low as 5,[13] [14] and they all have highly complex tone sandhi.[15]

List of Taihu Wu dialect subgroups

[edit ]
  • Su–Jia–Hu (Suzhou–Jiaxing–Huzhou, 蘇嘉湖小片), also known as Su–Hu–Jia (Suzhou–Shanghai–Jiaxing, 蘇滬嘉小片) – 23 million speakers in 1987[16] [17]
  • Tiaoxi (苕溪小片, now considered to be a subbranch or sister group to Suzhou–Shanghai–Jiaxing) – 3 million speakers in 1987[16] [17]

Northwestern Wu[17]

  • Piling (毗陵小片, spoken in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces) – 8 million speakers in 1987[16]
  • Hangzhou (杭州小片) – 1.2 million speakers in 1987[16]

Northern Zhejiang[17]

  • Lin–Shao (臨紹小片) – 7.8 million speakers in 1987[16]
  • Yongjiang 甬江小片 or Mingzhou (明州小片) – 4 million speakers in 1987[16]
  • Jinxiang dialect (金鄉話, appears to be an isolate, but closely related to the Taihu Wu varieties of Northern Zhejiang.)

List of Taihu Wu dialects

[edit ]

References

[edit ]
  1. ↑ Li (2012), p. 104.
  2. ↑ Sheng (2005), p. 5.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Li (2012), p. 105.
  4. ↑ Zhu (2013).
  5. ↑ Ko, Dorothy (1994). Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China (illustrated, annotated ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8047-2359-1. jianghuai mandarin.
  6. ↑ DeFrancis, John (1984). The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 VanNess Simmons (1999). sfnp error: multiple targets (×ばつ): CITEREFVanNess_Simmons1999 (help)
  8. ↑ Qian (1987), p. 49.
  9. ↑ Cai (1995).
  10. ↑ VanNess Simmons, Richard (1999), Chinese Dialect Classification: A comparative approach to Harngjou, Old Jintarn and Common Northern Wu, John Benjamins Publishing Co., p. 3-7, ISBN 90-272-3694-1
  11. ↑ Li, Hui; Hong, Yulong (2012), 偒傣話:世界上元音最多的語言 [Dondac: The language with the most vowels in the world], Fudan University Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-7-309-09153-3
  12. ↑ Chappell, Hilary; Lan, Li (2017), "Mandarin and other Sinitic languages", Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese language, Oxford: Taylor & Francis, p. 605-628
  13. ↑ Xu, Zhen (2009), 吴江方言声调研究 [A Study on the Tones of the lect of Wujiang] (thesis), Shanghai Normal University, p. 9
  14. ↑ Qian, Nairong; Xu, Baohua; Tang, Zhenzhu (2007), 上海话大词典 [The Great Dictionary of Shanghainese] (1 ed.), Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, p. 386, ISBN 978-7-5326-2248-1
  15. ↑ Rose, Phil; Toda, Takako (1994), "A Typology of Tone Sandhi Rules in Northern Wu", Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, Ōsaka: 267–273
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sinolect.org. "Untitled" (Pie Chart) (in Chinese). Archived from the original (GIF) on 2013年05月13日.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2025). "Glottolog 5.2 - Taihu". Glottolog. Retrieved 2026年02月17日.

Works cited

[edit ]
  • Sheng, Fang (2005), 北部吴语语音研究 [Comprehensive Phonetic Study of The North Wu Dialect] (in Chinese), Shanghai Normal University.
  • Zhu, Yin'er (2013). 南北吴语互通性不对称现象的音系学解释 (Thesis) (in Simplified Chinese). East China Normal University.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  • Qian, Nairong (1987), "也谈吴语的语法、词汇特征", 温州师院学报(社会科学版) (3): 48–55.
  • VanNess Simmons, Richard (1999), Chinese Dialect Classification: A comparative approach to Harngjou, Old Jintarn and Common Northern Wu, John Benjamins Publishing Co., ISBN 90-272-3694-1.
  • Cai, Guolu (1995), 丹陽方言詞典 (in Chinese), Jiangsu Education Publishing House, ISBN 7-5343-2628-1.

Further reading

[edit ]
[Lili Wu is near the confluence of Suzhou, Jiaxing and Shanghai dialects]

AltStyle によって変換されたページ (->オリジナル) /