User:JWB

Alphabet Latin Cyrillic&Latin Greek Georgian Armenian Logographic+Syllabic Hanzi (L) Kana (2S)+Kanji(L) Hangul(Featural-alphabetic S)+limited Hanja(L)

Abjad Arabic&Latin Hebrew Abugida N, S Indic Ethiopic Thaana Canadian Syllabic

Writing system Determinative Radical (Chinese character) South_Arabian_alphabet#Sign_inventory History of the Arabic alphabet

East Asia

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Standard Chinese Varieties of Chinese Mandarin Chinese Mandarin dialects Xiang Chinese Ported more detailed dialect map from Chinese Wikipedia Yue Chinese Tuhua

Anthropology

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Wallacea is the group of islands within red area. Weber Line in blue. - Added red area defined by splines

Multiregional origin of modern humans Wallace Line Wallacea

Astronomy

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Late Heavy Bombardment Nice model

Mathematics

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Root system

Integrality of root systems - expanded with much additional data

E8 E8 lattice

Nuclear

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Arms control

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List of states with nuclear weapons Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone

Nuclear weapons states (red) and Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones (green)

Nuclear weapons states (red) and Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones (blue)

Southern Hemisphere areas outside Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones

Long-lived fission products
v
t
e
Nuclide	t_1⁄2	Yield	Q ^{[a 1]}	βγ
(Ma)	(%)^{[a 2]}	(keV)
⁹⁹Tc	0.211	6.1385	294	β
¹²⁶Sn	0.230	0.1084	4050^{[a 3]}	βγ
⁷⁹Se	0.327	0.0447	151	β
¹³⁵Cs	1.33	6.9110^{[a 4]}	269	β
⁹³Zr	1.53	5.4575	91	βγ
¹⁰⁷Pd	6.5	1.2499	33	β
¹²⁹I	16.14	0.8410	194	βγ
^ Decay energy is split among β, neutrino, and γ if any. ^ Per 65 thermal neutron fissions of ²³⁵U and 35 of ²³⁹Pu. ^ Has decay energy 380 keV, but its decay product ¹²⁶Sb has decay energy 3.67 MeV. ^ Lower in thermal reactors because ¹³⁵Xe, its predecessor, readily absorbs neutrons.

Medium-lived fission products
v
t
e
t_1⁄2 (year)	Yield (%)	Q (keV)	βγ
¹⁵⁵Eu	4.76	0.0803	252	βγ
⁸⁵Kr	10.76	0.2180	687	βγ
^113mCd	14.1	0.0008	316	β
⁹⁰Sr	28.9	4.505	2826	β
¹³⁷Cs	30.23	6.337	1176	βγ
^121mSn	43.9	0.00005	390	βγ
¹⁵¹Sm	94.6	0.5314	77	β

Actinides and fission products by half-life v t e
Actinides ^[1] by decay chain				Half-life range (a)	Fission products of ²³⁵U by yield ^[2]
4n	4n + 1	4n + 2	4n + 3	Half-life range (a)	4.5–7%	0.04–1.25%	<0.001%
²²⁸Ra^No	4–6 a	¹⁵⁵Eu^þ
²⁴⁸Bk^[3]	> 9 a
²⁴⁴Cm^ƒ	²⁴¹Pu^ƒ	²⁵⁰Cf	²²⁷Ac^No	10–29 a	⁹⁰Sr	⁸⁵Kr	^113mCd^þ
²³²U^ƒ	²³⁸Pu^ƒ	²⁴³Cm^ƒ	29–97 a	¹³⁷Cs	¹⁵¹Sm^þ	^121mSn
²⁴⁹Cf^ƒ	^242mAm^ƒ	141–351 a	No fission products have a half-life in the range of 100 a–210 ka ...
²⁴¹Am^ƒ	²⁵¹Cf^ƒ^[4]	430–900 a
²²⁶Ra^No	²⁴⁷Bk	1.3–1.6 ka
²⁴⁰Pu	²²⁹Th	²⁴⁶Cm^ƒ				²⁴³Am^ƒ	4.7–7.4 ka
²⁴⁵Cm^ƒ	²⁵⁰Cm	8.3–8.5 ka
²³⁹Pu^ƒ	24.1 ka
²³⁰Th^No	²³¹Pa^No	32–76 ka
²³⁶Np^ƒ	²³³U^ƒ	²³⁴U^No	150–250 ka	⁹⁹Tc^₡	¹²⁶Sn
²⁴⁸Cm	²⁴²Pu	327–375 ka	⁷⁹Se^₡
1.33 Ma	¹³⁵Cs^₡
²³⁷Np^ƒ	1.61–6.5 Ma	⁹³Zr	¹⁰⁷Pd
²³⁶U	²⁴⁷Cm^ƒ	15–24 Ma	¹²⁹I^₡
²⁴⁴Pu	80 Ma	... nor beyond 15.7 Ma^[5]
²³²Th^No	²³⁸U^No	... nor beyond 15.7 Ma^[5]			²³⁵U^ƒNo	0.7–14.1 Ga
₡, has thermal neutron capture cross section in the range of 8–50 barns ƒ, fissile No, primarily a naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) þ, neutron poison (thermal neutron capture cross section greater than 3k barns)

Actinides

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Transmutations in the thorium fuel cycle v t e
²³⁷Np
↑
²³¹U	←	²³²U	↔	²³³U	↔	²³⁴U	↔	²³⁵U	↔	²³⁶U	→	²³⁷U
↓	↑	↑	↑
²³¹Pa	→	²³²Pa	←	²³³Pa	→	²³⁴Pa
↑	↑
²³⁰Th	→	²³¹Th	←	²³²Th	→	²³³Th
Nuclides with a yellow background in italic have half-lives under 30 days Nuclides in bold have half-lives over 1,000,000 years Nuclides in red frames are fissile

in Thorium fuel cycle

Transmutation in light water reactor

Weapons-grade

Isotopes

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Table of nuclides Isotope Tritium

Beta-decay stable isobars

^ Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
^ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of uranium-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.
^ Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics. 71 (2): 299. Bibcode:1965NucPh..71..299M. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4.
"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk²⁴⁸ with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf²⁴⁸ was detected, and a lower limit for the β⁻ half-life can be set at about 10⁴ [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]."
^ This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability".
^ Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of ²³²Th; e.g., while ^113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of ¹¹³Cd is eight quadrillion years.

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American expansion and division period

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East Asia

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Astronomy

Mathematics

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Actinides

Isotopes