Univalent function

In mathematics, in the branch of complex analysis, a holomorphic function on an open subset of the complex plane is called univalent if it is injective.^{[1] [2]}

The function ${\displaystyle f\colon z\mapsto 2z+z^{2}}${\displaystyle f\colon z\mapsto 2z+z^{2}} is univalent in the open unit disc, as ${\displaystyle f(z)=f(w)}${\displaystyle f(z)=f(w)} implies that ${\displaystyle f(z)-f(w)=(z-w)(z+w+2)=0}${\displaystyle f(z)-f(w)=(z-w)(z+w+2)=0}. As the second factor is non-zero in the open unit disc, ${\displaystyle z=w}${\displaystyle z=w} so ${\displaystyle f}${\displaystyle f} is injective.

One can prove that if ${\displaystyle G}${\displaystyle G} and ${\displaystyle \Omega }${\displaystyle \Omega } are two open connected sets in the complex plane, and

${\displaystyle f:G\to \Omega }${\displaystyle f:G\to \Omega }

is a univalent function such that ${\displaystyle f(G)=\Omega }${\displaystyle f(G)=\Omega } (that is, ${\displaystyle f}${\displaystyle f} is surjective), then the derivative of ${\displaystyle f}${\displaystyle f} is never zero, ${\displaystyle f}${\displaystyle f} is invertible, and its inverse ${\displaystyle f^{-1}}${\displaystyle f^{-1}} is also holomorphic. More, one has by the chain rule

${\displaystyle (f^{-1})'(f(z))={\frac {1}{f'(z)}}}${\displaystyle (f^{-1})'(f(z))={\frac {1}{f'(z)}}}

for all ${\displaystyle z}${\displaystyle z} in ${\displaystyle G.}${\displaystyle G.}

For real analytic functions, unlike for complex analytic (that is, holomorphic) functions, these statements fail to hold. For example, consider the function

${\displaystyle f:(-1,1)\to (-1,1),円}${\displaystyle f:(-1,1)\to (-1,1),円}

given by ${\displaystyle f(x)=x^{3}}${\displaystyle f(x)=x^{3}}. This function is clearly injective, but its derivative is 0 at ${\displaystyle x=0}${\displaystyle x=0}, and its inverse is not analytic, or even differentiable, on the whole interval ${\displaystyle (-1,1)}${\displaystyle (-1,1)}. Consequently, if we enlarge the domain to an open subset ${\displaystyle G}${\displaystyle G} of the complex plane, it must fail to be injective; and this is the case, since (for example) ${\displaystyle f(\varepsilon \omega )=f(\varepsilon )}${\displaystyle f(\varepsilon \omega )=f(\varepsilon )} (where ${\displaystyle \omega }${\displaystyle \omega } is a primitive cube root of unity and ${\displaystyle \varepsilon }${\displaystyle \varepsilon } is a positive real number smaller than the radius of ${\displaystyle G}${\displaystyle G} as a neighbourhood of ${\displaystyle 0}${\displaystyle 0}).

• Biholomorphic mapping – Bijective holomorphic function with a holomorphic inversePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• De Branges's theorem – Statement in complex analysis; formerly the Bieberbach conjecture
• Koebe quarter theorem – Statement in complex analysis
• Riemann mapping theorem – Mathematical theorem
• Nevanlinna's criterion – Characterization of starlike univalent holomorphic functions

• Conway, John B. (1995). "Conformal Equivalence for Simply Connected Regions". Functions of One Complex Variable II. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 159. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0817-4. ISBN 978-1-4612-6911-3.
• "Univalent Functions". Sources in the Development of Mathematics. 2011. pp. 907–928. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511844195.041. ISBN 9780521114707.
• Duren, P. L. (1983). Univalent Functions. Springer New York, NY. p. XIV, 384. ISBN 978-1-4419-2816-0.
• Gong, Sheng (1998). Convex and Starlike Mappings in Several Complex Variables. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5206-8. ISBN 978-94-010-6191-9.
• Jarnicki, Marek; Pflug, Peter (2006). "A remark on separate holomorphy". Studia Mathematica. 174 (3): 309–317. arXiv:math/0507305 . doi:10.4064/SM174-3-5 . S2CID 15660985.
• Nehari, Zeev (1975). Conformal mapping. New York: Dover Publications. p. 146. ISBN 0-486-61137-X. OCLC 1504503.

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