Template:Elder Futhark
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| Rune | UCS | Trans. | IPA | Proto-Germanic name | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| f | ᚠ | f | /ɸ/,/f/ | *fehu | "chattel, wealth" |
| u | ᚢ | u | /u(ː)/ | ?*ūruz | "aurochs", Wild ox (or *ûram "water/slag"?) |
| th,þ | ᚦ | þ | /θ/,/ð/ | ?*þurisaz | "Thurs" (see Jötunn) or *þunraz ("the god Thunraz") |
| a | ᚨ | a | /a(ː)/ | *ansuz | "god" |
| r | ᚱ | r | /r/ | *raidō | "ride, journey" |
| k | ᚲ | k (c) | /k/ | ?*kaunan | "ulcer"? (or *kenaz "torch"?) |
| g | ᚷ | g | /ɡ/ | *gebō | "gift" |
| w | ᚹ | w | /w/ | *wunjō | "joy" |
| h h | ᚺ ᚻ | h | /h/ | *hagalaz | "hail" (the precipitation) |
| n | ᚾ | n | /n/ | *naudiz | "need" |
| i | ᛁ | i | /i(ː)/ | *īsaz | "ice" |
| j | ᛃ | j | /j/ | *jēra- | "year, good year, harvest" |
| ï,ei | ᛇ | ï (æ) | /æː/[1] | *ī(h)waz | "yew-tree" |
| p | ᛈ | p | /p/ | ?*perþ- | meaning unknown; possibly "pear-tree". |
| z | ᛉ | z | /z/ | ?*algiz | "elk" (or "protection, defence"[2] ) |
| s s | ᛊ ᛋ | s | /s/ | *sōwilō | "sun" |
| t | ᛏ | t | /t/ | *tīwaz | "the god Tiwaz" |
| b | ᛒ | b | /b/ | *berkanan | "birch" |
| e | ᛖ | e | /e(ː)/ | *ehwaz | "horse" |
| m | ᛗ | m | /m/ | *mannaz | "man" |
| l | ᛚ | l | /l/ | *laguz | "water, lake" (or possibly *laukaz "leek") |
| ŋ ŋ | ᛜ | ŋ | /ŋ/ | *ingwaz | "the god Ingwaz" |
| d | ᛞ | d | /d/ | *dagaz | "day" |
| o | ᛟ | o | /o(ː)/ | *ōþila-/*ōþala- | "heritage, estate, possession" |
- ^ also rendered /ɛː/, see Proto-Germanic phonology.
- ^ Ralph Warren, Victor Elliott, Runes: an introduction, Manchester University Press ND, 1980, 51-53.