Supreme Soviet
The Supreme Soviet (Russian: Верховный Совет, romanized: Verkhovny Sovet, lit. 'Supreme Council') was the common name for the legislative bodies (parliaments) of the Soviet socialist republics (SSR) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). These soviets were modeled after the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, established in 1938, and were nearly identical.[1]
Party-approved delegates to the Supreme Soviets were periodically elected unopposed in show elections.[2] The first free or semi-free elections took place during perestroika in late 1980s, in which Supreme Soviets themselves were no longer directly elected. Instead, Supreme Soviets were appointed by directly elected Congresses of People's Deputies based somewhat on the Congresses of Soviets that preceded the Supreme Soviets. The soviets until then were largely rubber-stamp institutions, approving decisions handed to them by the Communist Party of the USSR or of each SSR.[2]
The soviets met infrequently (often only twice a year for only several days) and elected the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, a permanent body, to act on their behalf while the soviet was not in session.[3] The presidiums were also empowered to issue decrees in lieu of law. If such decrees were not ratified by the Supreme Soviet at its next session, they were to be considered revoked. In practice, the principles of democratic centralism meant this power of veto was almost never exercised, meaning that Presidium decrees de facto had the force of law.[4]
Under the 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitutions, the Presidium of a Supreme Soviet served as the collective head of state of its republic.[5] The Supreme Soviets also elected Councils of Ministers (Councils of People's Commissars before 1946), which were executive bodies.
After the dissolution of the USSR in late December 1991, most of these soviets remained the legislatures of independent countries until Armenia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan abandoned the system in 1995.
Supreme Soviets of the Soviet Republics
[edit ]Soviet Republics dissolved before the dissolution of the Soviet Union
| Soviet Republic | Supreme Soviet | Established | Disbanded | Succeeded by | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic / Russia | Supreme Soviet of Russia Congress of People's Deputies of Russia Верховный Совет РСФСР (Российской Федерации) |
1938 (Supreme Soviet of Russia) 1990 (Congress of People's Deputies of Russia) |
1993 | Russia Constitutional Conference (1993) Russia Federal Assembly (1993–present): • Federation Council • State Duma | |
| Ukraine | Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR
Верховный Совет Украинской ССР |
1937 | 1991 (De facto) 1996 (De jure) |
Ukraine Verkhovna Rada | |
| Byelorussia | Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR
Верховный Совет Белорусской ССР |
1938 | 1991 (De facto) 1994 (De jure) |
Belarus Supreme Council (1994–96) Belarus National Assembly (1996–present) | |
| Uzbekistan | Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR
Верховный Совет Узбекской ССР |
1938 | 1992 | Uzbekistan Supreme Council (1992–1995) Uzbekistan Oliy Majlis (1995–present) | |
| Kazakhstan | Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR
Верховный Совет Казахской ССР |
1937 | 1993 | Kazakhstan Supreme Council (1993–95) Kazakhstan Parliament (1996–present) | |
| Georgia | Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR
Верховный Совет Грузинской ССР |
1938 | 1992 | Georgia (country) State Council (1992–1995) Georgia (country) Parliament (1995–present) | |
| Azerbaijan | Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR
Верховный Совет Азербайджа́нской ССР |
1938 | 1995 | Azerbaijan National Assembly | |
| Lithuania | Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR
Верховный Совет Литовской ССР |
1940 | 1990 | Lithuania Supreme Council (1990–1992) Lithuania Seimas (1992–present) | |
| Moldavia | Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR
Верховный Совет Молдавской ССР |
1941 | 1993 | Moldova Parliament | |
| Latvia | Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR
Верховный Совет Латвийской ССР |
1940 | 1990 | Latvia Supreme Council (1990–1993) Latvia Saeima (1993–present) | |
| Kirghizia | Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz SSR
Верховный Совет Киргизской ССР |
1938 | 1994 | Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Supreme Council | |
| Tajikistan | Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR
Верховный Совет Таджикской ССР |
1937 | 1994 | Tajikistan Supreme Assembly | |
| Armenia | Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR
Верховный Совет Армянской ССР |
1938 | 1995 | Armenia National Assembly | |
| Turkmenia | Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR
Верховный Совет Туркменской ССР |
1938 | 1992 | Turkmenistan Assembly (1992–2021) Turkmenistan National Council (2021–present) | |
| Estonia | Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR
Верховный Совет Эстонской ССР |
1940 | 1992 | Estonia Riigikogu | |
| Karelo-Finnish SSR | Supreme Soviet of the Karelo-Finnish SSR
Верховный Совет Карело-Финской ССР |
1940 | 1956 | Republic of Karelia Supreme Soviet [ru] |
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Supreme Soviets of the Autonomous Soviet Republics
[edit ]| Autonomous Republic | Supreme Soviet | Established | Disbanded | Succeeded by | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bashkiria | Supreme Soviet of the Bashkir ASSR (ru)
Верховный Совет Башкирской АССР |
1938 | 1995 | Russia Bashkortostan State Assembly | |
| Buryatia | Supreme Soviet of the Buryat ASSR (ru)
Верховный Совет Бурятской АССР |
1938 | 1994 | Russia Buryatia People's Khural | |
| Karelia | Supreme Soviet of the Karelian ASSR (ru)
Верховный Совет Карельской АССР |
1938 1956 |
1940 1994 |
Russia Republic of Karelia Legislative Assembly | |
| Tatarstan | Supreme Soviet of the Tatar ASSR (ru)
Верховный Совет Татарской АССР |
1938 | 1995 | Russia Tatarstan State Council | |
| Tuva | Supreme Soviet of the Tuvan ASSR (ru)
Верховный Совет Тувинской АССР |
1961 | 1993 | Russia Tuva Great Khural | |
| Chuvashia | Supreme Soviet of the Chuvash ASSR (ru)
Верховный Совет Чувашской АССР |
1938 | 1994 | Russia Chuvashia State Council | |
| Karakalpakstan | Supreme Soviet of the Karakalpak ASSR
Верховный Совет Каракалпакской АССР |
1938 | 1994 | Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan Supreme Council | |
| Abkhazia | Supreme Soviet of the Abkhaz ASSR
Верховный Совет Абхазской АССР |
1938 | 1996 | Abkhazia People's Assembly | |
| Adjara | Supreme Soviet of the Adjarian ASSR
Верховный Совет Аджарской АССР |
1938 | 1991 | Georgia (country) Adjara Supreme Council | |
| Nakhichevan | Supreme Soviet of the Nakhichevan ASSR
Верховный Совет Нахичеванской АССР |
1938 | 1990 | Azerbaijan Supreme Assembly (Nakhchivan) |
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References
[edit ]- ^ Roeder, Philip G. (2007年08月05日). Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. Princeton University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-691-13467-3.
- ^ a b Kelley, Larry D. (1990年12月31日). Perestroika-era Politics: The New Soviet Legislature and Gorbachev's Political Reforms. M.E. Sharpe. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-87332-830-2.
- ^ Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (1993年06月17日). Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-7923-2358-7.
- ^ John Alexander Armstrong (1986). Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction. University Press of America. ISBN 0819154059.
- ^ Armstrong, John Alexander (January 1, 1978). Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction– Google Knihy. p. 165. ISBN 9780819154057 . Retrieved 2016年11月26日.