Dargin languages
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| Dargin | |
|---|---|
| Dargwa | |
| Geographic distribution | Southcentral Dagestan [citation needed ] |
Native speakers | 590,000 (2020 census)[1] |
| Linguistic classification | Northeast Caucasian
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Dargwa |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | dar |
| ISO 639-3 | dar |
| Glottolog | darg1242 |
| Dargin | |
| Map of individual Dargin languages according to Koryakov 2021.[2] | |
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The Dargin languages consist of a dialect continuum of over 60[3] Northeast Caucasian languages or dialects spoken by the Dargin people in southcentral Dagestan. Kajtak, Kubachi, Itsari, Mehweb and Chirag are often considered dialects of the same Dargin/Dargwa language. Ethnologue lists these under a common Dargin language, but also states that these may be separate languages from Dargwa proper.[citation needed ] Reasons for classifying the southern group of dialects from the northern group is that speakers of the southern dialects have been reported as treating the literary Aqusha dialect as a foreign language.[4] Due to the linguistic fragmentation of the Dargin languages, speakers use Russian as a lingua franca.[5]
Classification
[edit ]The Dargin languages are classified as follows by Koryakov 2021:[2]
Dargin
- Northern-central group
- Mehweb
- Gapshima
- Muira
- Tsudaqar-Usisha-Butri
- Tsudaqar
- Usisha-Butri
- North Dargwa
- Kadar
- Murego-Gubden
- Mugi
- Upper Mulebki
- Aqusha
- Aqusha proper
- Levashi
- Urakhi
- Southern group
- Chirag
- Kaitag group
- Shari
- Kaitag
- Northern-central group
Mutalov 2021 proposes a different classification:[6]
Dargin languages
- North Dargwa
- Aqusha/North Dargwa
- Aqusha proper
- Urakhi
- Mekegi
- Gubden
- Murego
- Kadar
- Mugi
- Muira
- Gapshima
- Mehweb
- Aqusha/North Dargwa
- Southern Dargwa
- North Dargwa
Glottolog uses a different classification, based on Koryakov 2012.[7] [8]
Dargwic
- Chirag
- Kubachi
- North-Central Dargwa
- South Dargwa
Phonology
[edit ]The following chart is a collective phoneme inventory of all Dargin languages.
| Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal Epiglottal |
Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sib. | |||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiced | b | d | d͡z 1 | d͡ʒ 1 | ɡ | ɢ 1 | ʡ 1 | ||
| voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | k | q | ʔ | |||
| long | pː 2 | tː 2 | t͡sː 2 | t͡ʃː 2 | kː 2 | qː 2 | ||||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ 2 | |||
| Fricative | voiced | v 1 | z | ʒ | ɣ 1 | ʁ | ʢ | ɦ | ||
| voiceless | f 1 | s | ʃ | ç 1 | x | χ | ʜ | |||
| long | sː 2 | ʃː 2 | xː 2 | χː 2 | ||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||||||
- Present in the literary standard of Dargwa, but not some other dialects.
- Present in some dialects, but not the literary standard.
The source is rather ambiguous in its using the term "laryngeal" for a presumed column of consonants that includes both a "voiced" and a "glottalized" plosive. A voiced glottal plosive cannot be made, because the glottis needs to be closed, and an ejective consonant requires an additional closure further up the vocal tract. Pending clarification, this row has been transcribed here as an epiglottal column and a glottal stop, both found in many other East Caucasian languages.
References
[edit ]- ^ Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
- ^ a b c Коряков, Юрий (2021). "Даргинские языки и их классификация" [Dargwa languages and their classification]. In Майсак, Т. А.; Сумбатова, Н. Р.; Тестелец, Я. Г. (eds.). Дурхъаси Хазна. Сборник Статей К 60-Летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки Веди Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова (in Russian). Буки Веди. pp. 139–154. ISBN 978-5-6045633-5-9.
- ^ Malyshev, Vladislav; Malysheva, Viktoria; Gutz, Angelina; Novaya, Irina; Panina, Anastasia; Yurkova, Alyona; Clifton, John M.; Tiessen, Calvin (2019). The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Dargwa in Dagestan (PDF). SIL International.
- ^ "Languages". DOBES. Retrieved 2024年08月22日.
- ^ Korâkov, Û B. (2006). Atlas kavkaskich âzykov: s priloženiem polnogo reestra âzykov. Institut âzykoznaniâ. Moskva: Piligrim. ISBN 978-5-9900772-1-8.
- ^ Муталов, Расул Османович (2021年03月07日). "КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ДАРГИНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ И ДИАЛЕКТОВ". Sociolingvistika. 3 (7): 8–25. doi:10.37892/2713-2951年3月7日-8-25. ISSN 2713-2951.
- ^ "Glottolog 5.0 - Dargwic". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2024年06月02日.
- ^ Коряков, Ю. Б. "Лексикостатистическая классификация даргинских языков" (PDF). На основе доклада на московском семинаре по нахско-дагестанским языкам под руководством Н. Р. Сумбатовой, 30.10.2012.
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