Secondary articulation

In phonetics, secondary articulation occurs when the articulation of a consonant is equivalent to the combined articulations of two or three simpler consonants, at least one of which is an approximant. The secondary articulation of such co-articulated consonants is the approximant-like articulation. It "colors" the primary articulation rather than obscuring it. Maledo (2011) defines secondary articulation as the superimposition of lesser stricture upon a primary articulation.

There are several kinds of secondary articulation supported by the International Phonetic Alphabet:

• Labialization is the most frequently encountered secondary articulation. For example, labialized [kw] has a primary velar plosive articulation, [k], with simultaneous [w]-like rounding of the lips, thus the name. It is in contrast to the doubly articulated labial-velar consonant [k͡p], which is articulated with two overlapping plosive articulations, [k] and [p].
• Palatalization is perhaps best known from the Russian "soft" consonants like [tj]), which has a primary alveolar plosive articulation, [t], with simultaneous [j]-like (i.e. y-like) raising of the body of the tongue.
• Labio-palatalization is simultaneous labialization and palatalization. It is found, for example, in the name Twi . [ɥ]
• Velarization is the raising of the back of the tongue toward the velum, as in the English "dark" L, [lɣ].
• Pharyngealization is a constriction in the throat (pharynx) and is found in the Arabic "emphatic" consonants such as [sʕ].
• Glottalization involves action of the glottis in addition to the primary articulation of the consonant.

It can sometimes be difficult to distinguish primary and secondary articulation. For example, the alveolo-palatal consonants [ɕʑ] are sometimes characterized as a distinct primary articulation and sometimes as palatalization of postalveolar fricatives, equivalent to [ʃjʒj] or [s̠jz̠j].

The most common method of transcription in the IPA is to turn the letter corresponding to the secondary articulation into a superscript written after the letter for the primary articulation. For example, the w in ⟨kw⟩ is written after the k. This can be misleading, as it iconically suggests that the [k] is released into a [w] sound, analogous to ⟨klkn⟩ ([k] with a lateral and nasal release), when actually the two articulations of [kw] are generally pronounced more-or-less simultaneously. Secondary articulation often has a strong effect on surrounding vowels, and may have an audible realization that precedes the primary consonant, or both precedes and follows it. For example, /akwa/ will not generally sound simply like [akwa], but may be closer to [awkwa] or even [awka]. For this reason, the IPA symbols for labialization and palatalization were for a time placed under the primary letter (e.g. ⟨k̫⟩ for [kw] and ⟨ƫ⟩ for [tj]), and a number of phoneticians still prefer such unambiguous usage, with ⟨kw⟩ and ⟨tj⟩ used specifically for off-glides, despite the official policy of the IPA. In the official IPA there remains only an alternative symbol for velarization/pharyngealizaton that is superposed over the primary (e.g. ⟨ɫ⟩ for dark L), but that has font support for a limited number of consonants and is inadvisable for others, where it can be illegible. A few phoneticians use superscript letters for offglides and subscript letters for simultaneous articulation (e.g. ⟨tj⟩ vs ⟨tj⟩).

There is a longstanding tradition in the IPA that one may turn any IPA letter into a superscript, and in so doing impart its features to the base consonant. For instance, [ʃs] would be an articulation of [ʃ] that has qualities of [s].^[1] However, the features are not necessarily imparted as secondary articulation. Superscripts are also used iconically to indicate the onset or release of a consonant, the on-glide or off-glide of a vowel, and fleeting or weak segments. Among other things, these phenomena include pre-nasalization ([mb]), pre-stopping ([pm,ts]), affrication ([tʃ]), pre-affrication ([xk]), trilled, fricative, nasal, and lateral release ([tr,tθ,dn,dl]), rhoticization ([ɑɻ]), and diphthongs ([aʊ]). So, while ⟨ɣ⟩ indicates velarization of non-velar consonants, it is also used for fricative release of the velar stop (⟨ɡɣ⟩). Mixed consonant-vowels may indicate a transition: [ba] may be the allophone of /a/ with the transition from /b/ that identifies the consonant, while [fy] may be the allophone of /f/ before /y/, or the formants of /y/ anticipated in the /f/.

The 2015 edition of the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet formally advocates superscript letters for the first time since 1989, specifically for the release of plosives.^[2]

• Labialization
• Labio-palatalization
• Palatalization (phonetics)
• Pharyngealization
• Velarization
• superscript Latin and Greek letters

• Secondary articulation
• Phonetics

• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Pages with plain IPA