SQL:1999

SQL:1999 (also called SQL 3) was the fourth revision of the SQL database query language. It introduced many new features, many of which required clarifications in the subsequent SQL:2003. In the meanwhile^{[clarification needed ]} SQL:1999 is deprecated.

The ISO standard documents were published between 1999 and 2002 in several installments, the first one consisting of multiple parts. Unlike previous editions, the standard's name used a colon instead of a hyphen for consistency with the names of other ISO standards. The first installment of SQL:1999 had five parts:

• SQL/Framework ISO/IEC 9075-1:1999
• SQL/Foundation ISO/IEC 9075-2:1999
• SQL/CLI : an updated definition of the extension Call Level Interface, originally published in 1995, also known as CLI-95 ISO/IEC 9075-3:1999
• SQL/PSM : an updated definition of the extension Persistent Stored Modules, originally published in 1996, also known as PSM-96 ISO/IEC 9075-4:1999
• SQL/Bindings ISO/IEC 9075-5:1999

Three more parts, also considered part of SQL:1999 were published subsequently:

• SQL/MED Management of External Data (SQL:1999 part 9) ISO/IEC 9075-9:2001
• SQL/OLB Object Language Bindings (SQL:1999 part 10) ISO/IEC 9075-10:2000
• SQL/JRT SQL Routines and Types using the Java Programming Language (SQL:1999 part 13) ISO/IEC 9075-13:2002

The SQL:1999 standard calls for a Boolean type,.^[1] IBM Db2 supports boolean values since around 11.1.^[2] Microsoft SQL Server supports storage for booleans using "BIT" data type^{[citation needed ]}. MySQL interprets "BOOL" and "BOOLEAN" as a mapping for its native TINYINT(1) type.^[3] PostgreSQL provides a standard conforming Boolean type.^[4] Oracle Database has proper boolean since Release 23.^[5]

Sometimes called just distinct types, these were introduced as an optional feature (S011) to allow existing atomic types to be extended with a distinctive meaning to create a new type and thereby enabling the type checking mechanism to detect some logical errors, e.g. accidentally adding an age to a salary. For example:

createtypeageasintegerFINAL;
createtypesalaryasintegerFINAL;

creates two different and incompatible types. The SQL distinct types use name equivalence not structural equivalence like typedefs in C. It's still possible to perform compatible operations on (columns or data) of distinct types by using an explicit type CAST.

Few SQL systems support these. IBM Db2 is one those supporting them.^[6] Oracle database did not support them as of 2012, recommending instead to emulate them by a one-place structured type.^[7]

These are the backbone of the object–relational database extension in SQL:1999. They are analogous to classes in objected-oriented programming languages. SQL:1999 allows only single inheritance.

SQL:1999 added a WITH [RECURSIVE] construct allowing recursive queries, like transitive closure, to be specified in the query language itself; see common table expressions.

GROUP BY was extended with ROLLUP, CUBE, and GROUPING SETS.

Full support for RBAC via CREATE ROLE.

SQL:1999 introduced the UNNEST keyword.^[8]

• Jim Melton; Alan R. Simon (2002). SQL:1999: Understanding Relational Language Components . Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-55860-456-8.
• Jim Melton (2003). Advanced SQL, 1999: Understanding Object–Relational and Other Advanced Features. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-55860-677-7.

• SQL
• Declarative programming languages

• Webarchive template wayback links
• All articles with dead external links
• Articles with dead external links from August 2025
• Articles with permanently dead external links
• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2023
• All articles with unsourced statements
• Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019