Probainognathia

Clade of cynodonts

Probainognathia Temporal range: Middle Triassic–Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Fossil of the probainognathian Chiniquodon theotonicus in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Clade:	Therapsida
Clade:	Cynodontia
Clade:	Eucynodontia
Clade:	Probainognathia Hopson, 1990
Subgroups
†Agudotherium †Candelariodon ^[1] †Charruodon †Lumkuia ? †Protheriodon †Ecteniniidae †Chiniquodontidae †Probainognathidae Prozostrodontia

Probainognathia is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathia. The earliest forms were carnivorous and insectivorous, though some groups eventually also evolved herbivorous diets. The earliest and most basal probainognathian is the Middle Triassic (Anisian) aged Lumkuia , from South Africa, though probainognathians would not become prominent until the mid Norian stage of the Late Triassic.^[2] Three groups survived the extinction at the end of Triassic: Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae, which both survived until the Jurassic—the latter even into the Cretaceous (Montirictus and Xenocretosuchus )—and Mammaliaformes, which includes the mammals.^[3]

Phylogeny

[edit ]

Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:^[4]

Eucynodontia

†Cynognathia

Probainognathia

†Lumkuia

†Ecteninion

†Aleodon

†Chiniquodon

†Probainognathus

†Trucidocynodon

†Therioherpeton

†Tritheledontidae

†Riograndia

†Chaliminia

†Elliotherium

†Diarthrognathus

†Pachygenelus

†Brasilodontidae

†Brasilitherium

†Brasilodon

†Tritylodontidae

†Oligokyphus

†Kayentatherium

†Tritylodon

†Bienotherium

Mammaliaformes

†Sinoconodon

†Morganucodon

Mammalia

Cladogram from Stefanello et al. (2023):^[5]

Probainognathia

Lumkuia

Prozostrodontia

References

[edit ]

^ Martinelli, A.; Soares, M. B.; Oliveira, T.; Rodrigues, P.; Schultz, C. (2017). "The Triassic eucynodont Candelariodon barberenai revisited and the early diversity of stem prozostrodontians". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62. doi:10.4202/app.00344.2017 .
^ Abdala, Fernando; Gaetano, Leandro C. (2018), Tanner, Lawrence H. (ed.), "The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage", The Late Triassic World, vol. 46, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 407–445, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_11, ISBN 978-3-319-68008-8 , retrieved 2021年05月24日
^ The slow and fast steps to becoming a mammal
^ Ruta, M.; Botha-Brink, J.; Mitchell, S. A.; Benton, M. J. (2013). "The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1769): 20131865. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1865. PMC 3768321 . PMID 23986112.
^ Stefanello, M.; Martinelli, A. G.; Müller, R. T.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; Kerber, L. (2023). "A complete skull of a stem mammal from the Late Triassic of Brazil illuminates the early evolution of prozostrodontian cynodonts". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09648-y.

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Cynodontia

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Clade: Therapsida
Clade: Eutheriodontia

Synapsida

see Synapsida
Cynodontia	see below↓

Cynodontia

†Dvinia †Nanocynodon †Madysaurus †Uralocynodon
†Charassognathidae	Abdalodon Charassognathus Nshimbodon
†Procynosuchidae	Procynosuchus Sludica

Epicynodontia

†Galesauridae

Galesaurus
Progalesaurus

Eucynodontia

†Kataigidodon
†Cynognathia	see Cynognathia
Probainognathia	see below↓

Abdalodon diastematicus Galesaurus planiceps

Probainognathia

†Agudotherium †Candelariodon †Charruodon †Lumkuia †Protheriodon †Tessellatia
†Chiniquodontidae	Aleodon Chiniquodon Cromptodon ? Riojanodon
†Probainognathidae	Bonacynodon Probainognathus
†Ecteniniidae	Diegocanis Ecteninion Trucidocynodon

Prozostrodontia

†Prozostrodontidae

Prozostrodon
Pseudotherium

†Tritheledontidae

Mammaliamorpha

†Adelobasileus †Botucaraitherium †Brasilodon †Sinoconodon †Tikiodon
†Tritylodontidae	Bienotherium Bienotheroides Bocatherium Dianzhongia Dinnebitodon Fossiomanus Kayentatherium Lufengia Montirictus Nuurtherium Oligokyphus Polistodon Shartegodon Stereognathus Tritylodon Xenocretosuchus Yuanotherium Yunnanodon
Mammaliaformes	see below↓

Chiniquodon theotonicus

Riograndia guaibensis

Oligokyphus triserialis

Mammaliaformes

†Kuehneotheriidae

†Shuotheriidae

†Docodonta

†Haramiyida

Euharamiyida

Allostaffia ? Arboroharamiya Baidabatyr ? Butlerodon Cryoharamiya Kermackodon ? Maiopatagium Megaconus ? Qishou Sharypovoia Shenshou Sineleutherus Vilevolodon Woodeatonia Xianshou Gondwanatheria ?
Hahnodontidae?	Cifelliodon Denisodon Hahnodon

Crown-Mammalia

- see Mammalia

Morganucodon watsoni Docofossor brachydactylus

Phylogeny

See also

References