Oto-Pamean languages
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(Redirected from Pamean languages)
Branch of the Oto-Manguean languages of Mexico
| Oto-Pamean | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Mexico |
| Linguistic classification | Oto-Manguean
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | otop1242 |
The Oto-Pamean languages are a branch of the Oto-Manguean languages that includes languages of the Otomi-Mazahua, Matlatzinca, and Pamean language groups all of which are spoken in central Mexico. Like all Oto-Manguean languages, the Oto-Pamean languages are tonal languages, though most have relatively simple tone systems.[1] Unlike many Oto-Manguean languages that tend towards an isolating typology, they are morphologically complex headmarking languages with complex systems of conjugational classes both for verbs and nouns, and in the Pamean languages there are highly complex patterns of suppletion.
Classification
[edit ]- Otomian
- Matlatzincan
- Pame
- Northern Pame
- Central Pame
- Southern Pame †
- Chichimeco Jonaz [2] [3] [4]
Proto-language
[edit ]| Proto-Oto-Pamean | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Oto-Pamean languages |
Four vowels with nasalization contrast are reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Pamean by Bartholomew (1989):[5]
- *a, *e, *i, *o
- *ã, *ẽ, *ĩ, *õ
Lexical reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Pamean by Bartholomew (1989) are given below, along with synchronic Oto-Pamean languages:[5]
| English gloss | Proto-Oto-Pamean | Otomi | Matlazinca | North Pame | Mazahua | Ocuilteco | Chichimeco |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chile | *ʔi | ʔi | mi | ʔei | ʔiʔi | mi | ʔe |
| blood | *khi | khi | či-hyabi | kkhi | khiʔi | nči-hya | khe |
| squirrel | *mi-nã | minã | mini | meigŋ | mi | ||
| tell | *si-p | šiphi | ši | sep | šiphi | se | |
| pull | *kiʔHC-mʔ | khɨʔmi | kɨɨza | kkeʔedn | khɨbʔɨ | nkɨbi | keʔenʔ |
| chin | *khiHC-nʔ | khɨni | nčɨri | khwelʔ | kʔɨdʔɨ | nčɨli | |
| beans | *khiHC-ʔ | khɨ | čhɨ | nkhweʔ | khɨʔɨ | čhɨ | kheʔ |
| louse | *tʔo | tʔoni | tʔo | lʔo | tʔoʔo | tʔo | rʔo |
| house | *tʔo-s | tʔoši 'bed' | tʔoši 'supper' | lʔos | tʔošɨ 'bed' | rʔos | |
| stone | *=to | do | nto | to | ndo | nto | ro |
| flower | *=toHC-n | dəni | təni | togŋ | ndəhnə | ndə | ro |
| hen | *ʔoHC-n | ʔəni | ʔəni | ʔogŋ | ʔənə | ʔə | |
| hear | *ʔoHC-t | ʔəde | ʔəti | ʔoʔ | ʔərə | ʔəti | ʔo |
| water | *=teh | dege | tawi | tæ | ndehe | nta | ri |
| to weave | *pe | pe | pa | ppæ | peʔe | mpa | pi |
| mouth | *ne | ne | na | næ | neʔe | ši-na 'lips' | ni |
| people | *te | te | ta | læ | teʔe | tạ | |
| spider | *me-s | meše | maši | mæs | meše | maši | |
| to cough | *hyeh | hehe | hyewi 'a cold' | hhæ | hehe | he | |
| a cold | *t-heh | thehe | hyewi | ri-thyæʔæ | the | ||
| one | *nʔa | ʔna | dawi | nda | daha | la | ntʔa |
| plain | *mʔa-tha | ʔmatha | bati | nibia | bʔathɨ | bati | |
| horse | *pah-nʔ | phani | pari | wahalʔ | phadʔɨ | bali | |
| straw mat | *pĩh-ʔ | ši-mphĩ | mphiwi | ppẽhiʔ | phi-ngwa | phi | |
| drunken | *tĩ, *nĩ | ntĩ | nimi | tĩʔi | ni | ||
| to look | *nõ | nũ | nu | nnõʔo | nũʔu | nu 'wake up' | nũʔu |
| to tie up | *tõ-tʔ/cʔ | tũtʔi | tuncʔi 'know' | ttocʔ 'knot' | tũntʔɨ | tuncʔi | tucʔ 'knot' |
| to die | *tũ | tũ | tuwi | ttõ | tũʔu | tu | rũ |
| owner | *mhõ | hmũ | mhu | mhõʔ | hmũʔu | mhu | mhũ |
| to steal | *pẽ | pæ̃ | pewi | ppæ̃ | pẽ | pe | ppĩ |
| tortilla | *mhẽ | hmæ̃ | mhewi | mhæ̃ | mhe | ||
| tamale | *thẽ-t | thæ̃di | theti | lhæ̃ʔæ | thẽʒẽ | thenti | rʔĩhi |
| atole | *tʔẽ-m | tʔæ̃i | tʔemi | lʔæ̃ŋ | tʔẽhme | tʔe | rʔĩ |
| to roast | *hã-s | hãši | həši | hãs | hãša | həši | hüs |
| to say | *mã-m | mã | məmi | mmãŋ | mãmã | mə | mã |
| to know | *pã-t | pãdi | pəya | ppã 'visit' | pãra | mpəya | pã 'see' |
| to buy | *tao-m | tɔi | tami | ttaogŋ | tɔmɨ | ta | ta |
| mucus | *mʔao-s | ʔmɔši | maši 'nose' | mbaos | bʔɔšɨ | maši 'nose' | |
| to ask | *ʔao-nʔ | ʔɔni | ʔari | ʔahodnʔ | ʔɔnɨ | ʔali | ʔan |
| to try | *cao | cɔ | copi | cʔaoʔ | sɔʔɔ | co | |
| avocado | *cʔao-n | cʔɔni | cʔoni | cʔaogŋ | sʔɔhnɨ | cʔo | |
| to stand up | *mʔao-mʔ | ʔmɔi | bʔɔbʔɨ | nbohobi | |||
| white | *tʔoa-s | tʔaši | tʔoši | ddoa | tʔɔšɨ | nuʔu | |
| plow | *tʔoa-p | tʔabi | tʔopi | tʔɔbi | tʔopi | rʔu | |
| bat | *coa-cʔ | cacʔi | cocʔi | čoacʔ | cocʔi | ||
| foot | *koa | gwa | kwahtu | koa | ngwaʔa | gu | |
| wing | *hoa | hwa | nhowi | hoa | hwaʔa | nho | |
| maguey | *nʔoa | ʔwada | ddoa | ʔwadɨ | nlooti | nʔu | |
| bitter | *khão | khũ | čhə | khão | khõʔo | čhə | khã |
| to sing | *tãoh | tũhu | təwi | ndão | tõho | tə | |
| moon | *mʔão-ʔ | mbə | mʔãoʔ | bə | mʔãʔ | ||
| night | *são-m | šũi | šəmi | são | šõmɨ | lšũ | sã |
| shadow | *são-t/mʔ | šũdi | šubi | sãot | šõrɨ | čhubi | |
| corn | *thõa | thã | thuwi | lhõa | thõʔo | thu | |
| cornfield | *nhõa-hm | hwãhi | nomi | nhõa | hwãhma | nu | nhũ |
| to confess | *kõah- | khwãni | kunya | kkõaho | khwãmʔa | ||
| to beat | *paih-ʔmʔ | phæʔmi | papi | ppahiʔ | phæʔbʔi | pe | |
| to abandon | *hai-k/mʔ | hægi | habi | haigŋ | hæzi | habi | he |
| abandoned | *hi-ai-k | hyægi | heči | nhiagŋ | hyæzi | heči | hi |
| hand | *nʔi-ai | ʔyæ | ye | nʔia | dyʔæʔæ | ye | nʔi |
| liver | *nia | ya | ya 'heart' | nia | ya 'heart' | ||
| to dance | *nãih-mʔ | nẽi | nəbi | nnãhiʔ | nẽmʔe | nəhəbi | nẽheʔ |
| to nurse | *coi | cɨ | čuʔu | ciʔ | siʔi | ci | čüʔ |
| to ride horseback | *teog | təge | llæogŋ | čəgə | nde | ||
| to burn | *ceo | nze | ceti | zərə | |||
| meat | *nkoeHC | ngə | ŋgwæʔ | nge | gu | ||
| star | *coeHC | cə | nceʔe | sehe | ce | ||
| cold | *coe | cæ | ce | cæ | sæʔæ | ce | či |
| to split wood | *coe-nʔ | cæni | seri | ccæʔædn | celi | čin | |
| fly | *ʔõi | ʔwæ̃ | ʔu | ʔẽi | ʔwæ | ngwi | ʔẽ |
| hunger | *thõi | thũhu | lhõi | thĩhmi | thu | ||
| squash | *mõih-ʔ | mũ | muhu | mõhiʔ | mũʔu | muhli | mũhuʔ |
| sand | *mĩo-m | -mũ | mumi | mmẽoŋ | mu | ||
| full | *nĩo-t | yũdi | nuti | næ̃ | ñiʒi | nuti | |
| three | *nhĩo | hyũ | hyu | nhõʔ | hñĩʔi | hyu | nhũ |
References
[edit ]
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Oto-Pamean reconstructions
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Central Otomian reconstructions
- ^ Arellanes, F., Carranza, L., Peón, M. E. C., Fidencio, V., Guerrero, A., Knapp, M., & Romero, A. Hacia una tipología tonal de las lenguas otopames. RAÍCES, 1(2), 3.
- ^ Palancar, Enrique L. 2016. Oto-Pamean
- ^ Bartholomew, Doris. 1965. The Reconstruction of Oto-Pamean (Mexico). PhD Dissertation. Tulane University.
- ^ Soustelle, J., 1937. La Famille Otomi-Pame du Mexique Central. Travaux et Mémoires de l̂Institut d̂Ethnologie. Paris: Université de Paris.
- ^ a b Bartholomew, Doris A. 1989. The Proto Otopamean vowel system and the development of Matlatzinca. In Mary Ritchie Key and Henry M. Hoenigswald (eds.), General and Amerindian ethnolinguistics: in remembrance of Stanley Newman, 345–363. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.