Outline of epistemology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Overview of and topical guide to epistemology
See also: Index of epistemology articles
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to epistemology:
Epistemology (aka theory of knowledge) – branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge.[1] The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864).[2] Epistemology asks questions such as: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", and "What do people know?"
Core topics of epistemology
[edit ]Main article: Epistemology
- Knowledge
- Sources of knowledge (Pramana in Sanskrit)
- Types of knowledge
- Descriptive knowledge – "Knowledge that"
- Procedural knowledge – "Knowledge how"
- Knowledge by acquaintance
- A priori and a posteriori
- Analytic–synthetic distinction
- Gettier problem
- Justification
- Regress argument
- Theories of justification
- Foundationalism – Basic beliefs justify other, non-basic beliefs.
- Coherentism – Beliefs are justified if they cohere with other beliefs a person holds, each belief is justified if it coheres with the overall system of beliefs.
- Infinitism – Beliefs are justified by infinite chains of reasons.
- Foundherentism – Both fallible foundations and coherence are components of justification—proposed by Susan Haack.
- Internalism and externalism – The believer must be able to justify a belief through internal knowledge (internalism), or outside sources of knowledge can be used to justify a belief (externalism).
- Innatism – The mind is born with knowledge.
- Reformed epistemology – Beliefs are warranted by proper cognitive function—proposed by Alvin Plantinga.
- Evidentialism – Beliefs depend solely on the evidence for them.
- Reliabilism – A belief is justified if it is the result of a reliable process.
- Infallibilism – Knowledge is incompatible with the possibility of being wrong.
- Fallibilism – Claims can be accepted even though they cannot be conclusively proven or justified.
- Non-justificationism – Knowledge is produced by attacking claims and refuting them instead of justifying them.
- Falsification (Falsifiability)
- Proof (truth)
- Truth
- Belief
- Virtue epistemology
Schools of thought
[edit ]Main article: Epistemology § Schools of thought in epistemology
- Empiricism
- Rationalism
- Epistemological skepticism
- Pragmatism
- Naturalized epistemology
- Contextualism
- Relativism
- Constructivist epistemology
- Idealism
- Bayesian epistemology
- Feminist epistemology
- Innatism
- Naïve realism
- Phenomenalism
- Positivism
- Critical rationalism
Domains of inquiry in epistemology
[edit ]Main article: Epistemology § Domains of inquiry in epistemology
- Formal epistemology – subdiscipline of epistemology that uses formal methods from logic, probability theory and computability theory to elucidate traditional epistemic problems
- Historical epistemology – study of the historical conditions of, and changes in, different kinds of knowledge
- Meta-epistemology – metaphilosophical study of the subject, matter, methods and aims of epistemology and of approaches to understanding and structuring knowledge of knowledge itself
- Social epistemology – study of collective knowledge and the social dimensions of knowledge
Related fields
[edit ]See also
[edit ]References
[edit ]Further reading
[edit ]- Annis, David (1978). "A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification". American Philosophical Quarterly. 15: 213–219.
- Ayer, Alfred Jules. 1936. Language, Truth, and Logic .
- BonJour, Laurence. 2002. Epistemology: Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Bovens, Luc & Hartmann, Stephan. 2003. Bayesian Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Butchvarov, Panayot. 1970. The Concept of Knowledge. Evanston, Northwestern University Press.
- Cohen, Stewart (1998a). "Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Skepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 76 (2): 289–306. doi:10.1080/00048409812348411.
- Cohen, Stewart. 1999. "Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons", in Tomberlin 1999.
- Dancy, Jonathan. 1991. An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology (Second Edition). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-631-13622-3
- DeRose, Keith (1992). "Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 15: 213–219.
- DeRose, Keith. 1999. "Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense Archived 15 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine", in Greco and Sosa 1999.
- Descartes, Rene. 1641. Meditations on First Philosophy
- Feldman, Richard. 1999. "Contextualism and Skepticism", in Tomberlin 1999, pp. 91–114.
- Gettier, Edmund. 1963. "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", Analysis, Vol. 23, pp. 121–123. Online text Archived 19 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
- Greco, J. & Sosa, E. 1999. Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.
- Harris, Errol E. 1970. Hypothesis And Perception, George Allen and Unwin, London, Reprinted 2002 Routledge, London.
- Harwood, Sterling (1989). "Taking Skepticism Seriously – And In Context". Philosophical Investigations. 12 (3): 223–233. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9205.1989.tb00275.x.
- Hay, Clare. 2008. The Theory of Knowledge: A Coursebook, The Lutterworth Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-7188-3088-5
- Hawthorne, John. 2005. "The Case for Closure", Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (ed.): 26–43.
- Hendricks, Vincent F. 2006. Mainstream and Formal Epistemology, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Kant, Immanuel. 1781. Critique of Pure Reason .
- Keeton, Morris T. 1962. "Empiricism", in Dictionary of Philosophy, Dagobert D. Runes (ed.), Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, pp. 89–90.
- Kirkham, Richard. 1984. "Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake?" Mind, 93.
- Klein, Peter. 1981. Certainty: a Refutation of Skepticism, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Kyburg, H.E. 1961. Probability and the Logic of Rational Belief, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
- Korzybski, Alfred. 1994 (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics, Fifth Edition. Ft. Worth, TX: Institute of General Semantics.
- Lennon, Kathleen; Whitford, Margaret, eds. (2012年10月12日). Knowing the Difference : Feminist Perspectives in Epistemology. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203216125. ISBN 978-1-134-87791-1.
- Lewis, David (1996). "Elusive Knowledge". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 74 (4): 549–567. doi:10.1080/00048409612347521.
- Morin, Edgar. 1986. La Méthode, Tome 3, La Connaissance de la connaissance (Method, 3rd volume : The knowledge of knowledge)
- Morton, Adam. 2002. A Guide Through the Theory of Knowledge (Third Edition) Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0012-5
- Nelson, Quee. 2007. The Slightest Philosophy, Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing, 296 pages.
- Niiniluoto, Ilkka. 2002. Critical Scientific Realism, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
- Plato. Meno .
- Popper, Karl R. 1972. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
- Preyer, G./Siebelt, F./Ulfig, A. 1994. Language, Mind and Epistemology, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Russell, Bertrand. 1912. The Problems of Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Russell, Bertrand. 1940. An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, Nottingham: Spokesman Books.
- Santayana, George. 1923. Scepticism and Animal Faith , New York: Charles Scribner's Sons – London: Constable and Co.
- Spir, African. 1877. Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie (Thought and Reality: Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy), (Second Edition) Leipzig: J.G. Findel.
- Schiffer, Stephen (1996). "Contextualist Solutions to Skepticism". Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. 96: 317–333. doi:10.1093/aristotelian/96.1.317.
- Steup, Matthias. 2005. "Knowledge and Skepticism", Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (eds.): 1–13.
- Tomberlin, James (ed.). 1999. Philosophical Perspectives 13, Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.
- Turri, John (2016). Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion: An Essay in Philosophical Science. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. Open Book Publishers. doi:10.11647/OBP.0083 . ISBN 978-1-78374-183-0. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- Wagner, Pierre (2002). "Introduction". In Pierre Wagner (ed.). Les Philosophes et la science. Folio-essais (in French). Paris: Éditions Gallimard. pp. 9–65. ISBN 9782070416257.
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1922. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus , Frank P. Ramsey and C.K. Ogden (trns.), Dover. Online text Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
External links
[edit ]Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy articles
- "Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Bayesian Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Evolutionary Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Naturalized Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Social Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Virtue Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Knowledge How" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy articles
- "Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Coherentism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Contextualism in Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Epistemic Circularity". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Epistemic Justification". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Epistemology of Perception". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Ethnoepistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Evolutionary Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Fallibilism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Feminist Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Infinitism in Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Moral Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Naturalistic Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Virtue Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- "Understanding in Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
Encyclopædia Britannica
- Epistemology by Avrum Stroll and A.P. Martinich
Other links
- The London Philosophy Study Guide Archived 23 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: Epistemology & Methodology Archived 1 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Outline of epistemology at PhilPapers
- Knowledge-How at Philpapers
- Outline of epistemology at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
- What Is Epistemology? – a brief introduction to the topic by Keith DeRose.
- Epistemology Introduction, Part 1 and Part 2 by Paul Newall at the Galilean Library.
- Teaching Theory of Knowledge (1986) – Marjorie Clay (ed.), an electronic publication from The Council for Philosophical Studies.
- An Introduction to Epistemology by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.
- A Summary of Sunni Epistemology A concise and accessible introduction to epistemology in the Muslim world for laymen
