Orla Watson
Orla Watson | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1896年06月03日)June 3, 1896 |
| Died | January 17, 1983(1983年01月17日) (aged86) |
| Almamater | Nevada Business College |
| Occupations | Inventor and businessman |
| Knownfor | Inventor of the modern shopping cart |
| Spouse | Edith Watson |
Orla E. Watson (June 3, 1896 – January 17, 1983) was an American inventor, engineer, and draftsman. He is most remembered for his invention of the rear swinging door feature on grocery shopping carts allowing the cart to telescope, or "nest" in order to save space.[1]
History
[edit ]Orla E. Watson was born in 1896. He dropped out of Nevada Business College after one year, and had a gig in working as a stock clerk in a Kansas City hardware store before joining the U.S. Army, where he served until 1918. He then worked in various jobs including machinist, draftsman, and foreman. Meanwhile, Watson experimented with various successful inventions on the side, including a Model T timer to replace the automobile's stock electrical device. In 1933, he opened a business making air conditioners.[2] Watson was granted four patents before the shopping cart in 1944, for mechanical valves, pumps, and gauges that he did not ultimately license or manufacture.
In 1946, 50-year-old Watson left his job as draftsman at the Crafting and Processing Engineering Company in Kansas City to open Western Machine Co., a machine shop and contract manufacturing business. Watson made a prototype of a new shopping cart with a hinge and a swinging gate that allowed it to interlock laterally with other carts for compact storage.
Shopping cart activities
[edit ]Watson presented the cart to ten local grocery store owners, including Fred E. Taylor, who joined Watson and George O'Donnell, a salesman from Oak Park, Illinois, in founding Telescope Carts Inc. in 1947. The shopping carts were first used that year at Floyd Day's Super Market.
Telescope Carts, Inc. struggled with poor quality carts from its authorized suppliers, and other unlicensed manufacturers made and sold imitations of the cart during Watson's pending patent.[3] [4] [5] Watson also developed the power lift shopping cart in 1947, which could raise the lower basket at the checkout counter for easier retrieval of groceries. He produced and sold few, and later discontinued the effort, abandoning the patent application.[6]
Patent dispute
[edit ]Watson applied for a patent on his shopping cart invention in 1946, but Sylvan Goldman filed a similar patent and contested. In 1949, Goldman gave up his rights to the patent. Watson was granted a patent #2,479,530 on August 16, 1949 for the "Telescope Cart" which could be "nested" together in order to save space without disassembly after each use. In exchange, Goldman received licensing rights to produce and sell carts with Watson receiving royalties for each cart produced.[7] [8] [9]
In 1950 a legal battle broke out between Telescoping Carts and United Steel, which was to last for three years. Watson’s archives contain very little on the early stages of this dispute. Telescope Carts sued United Steel for patent infringement and the latter company defended itself on the grounds that the patent was invalid. In 1951 Goldman challenged the amount of royalties that he had to pay Telescope Carts, on the grounds that many manufacturers were infringing the patent.[10] [11]
The royalties Watson received for each cart manufactured led to his 1954 claim against the Internal Revenue Service, for refund of taxes paid on the profits of his invention, as a Congressional bill changed the status of invention-derived income from ordinary income to capital gains, thereby lowering the taxes owed.
Death
[edit ]Orla E. Watson died January 17, 1983.[12]
References
[edit ]- ↑ Cashman, Ryan (2023年01月12日). "The High-Tech 1940s Grocery Cart Innovation That Never Took Off". Tasting Table. Archived from the original on 2023年03月31日. Retrieved 2023年12月31日.
- ↑ Jeanne Sklar. "Technology, Invention, and Innovation collections". Amhistory.si.edu. Archived from the original on 2018年10月12日. Retrieved 2013年04月08日.
- ↑ "CSI Working Papers Series : No. 006 : 2006" (PDF). Csi.ensmp.fr. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015年12月08日. Retrieved 2013年10月13日.
- ↑ "The History of the American Shopping Cart". The Takeout. 2023年01月10日. Archived from the original on 2023年02月05日. Retrieved 2023年12月31日.
- ↑ Meyersohn, Nathaniel (2022年05月14日). "Why people hated shopping carts when they first came out | CNN Business". CNN. Archived from the original on 2023年07月18日. Retrieved 2023年12月31日.
- ↑ "The History of the American Shopping Cart". Yahoo Life. 2023年01月10日. Archived from the original on 2023年01月30日. Retrieved 2023年12月31日.
- ↑ "Reinventing the Shopping Cart - Carts and Parts". 2022年02月24日. Archived from the original on 2023年03月31日. Retrieved 2023年12月31日.
- ↑ US2479530A, Watson, Oria E., "Store basket and carriage", issued 1949年08月16日 Archived 2022年06月17日 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Sjoden, Kerstin. "June 4, 1937: Humpty Dumpty and the Shopping Cart". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2023年02月06日. Retrieved 2023年12月31日.
- ↑ Grandclément, Catherine. "Wheeling food products around the store... and away: the invention of the shopping cart, 1936-1953".
- ↑ "Watson v. Heil, 192 F.2d 982 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved 2023年12月31日.
- ↑ "Telescoping Shopping Cart Collection | Collection: NMAH.AC.0739". sova.si.edu. Archived from the original on 2023年09月25日. Retrieved 2023年12月31日.