Orders of magnitude (bit rate)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Comparison of a wide range of bit rates
An order of magnitude is generally a factor of ten. A quantity growing by four orders of magnitude implies it has grown by a factor of 10000 or 104. However, because computers are binary, orders of magnitude are sometimes given as powers of two.
This article presents a list of multiples, sorted by orders of magnitude, for bit rates measured in bits per second. Since some bit rates may measured in other quantities of data or time (like MB/s), information to assist with converting to and from these formats is provided. This article assumes the following:
- A group of 8 bits (8 bit) constitutes one byte (1 B). The byte is the most common unit of measurement of information (megabyte, mebibyte, gigabyte, gibibyte, etc.).
- The decimal SI prefixes kilo, mega etc., are powers of 10. The power of two equivalents are the binary prefixes kibi, mebi, etc.
Accordingly:
- 1 kB (kilobyte) = 1000 bytes = 8000 bits
- 1 KiB (kibibyte) = 210 bytes = 1024 bytes = 8192 bits
- 1 kbit (kilobit) = 125 bytes = 1000 bits
- 1 Kibit (kibibit) = 210 bits = 1024 bits = 128 bytes
| Factor (bit/s) | SI prefix | Value | Field | Item |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10−2 | ×ばつ10−2 bit/s | Text data | Project ELF bit rate for transmitting 3-letter codes to US nuclear submarines [1] [2] | |
| 100 | bit/s | |||
| 101 | ×ばつ101 bit/s | Positioning system | Bit rate for transmissions from GPS satellites [3] | |
| ×ばつ101 bit/s | Text data | Bit rate for a skilled operator in Morse code [4] | ||
| 103 | kbit/s | ×ばつ103 bit/s | Audio data | Minimum achieved for encoding recognizable speech (using special-purpose speech codecs) |
| ×ばつ103 bit/s | Audio data | Low bit rate telephone quality | ||
| 104 | ||||
| ×ばつ104 bit/s | Audio data | MW quality and ADPCM voice in telephony, doubling the capacity of a 30 chan link to 60 ch. | ||
| ×ばつ104 bit/s | Networking | 56kbit modem – 56 kbit/s – 56,000 bit/s | ||
| ×ばつ104 bit/s | Networking | 64 kbit/s in an ISDN B channel or best quality, uncompressed telephone line. | ||
| 105 | ×ばつ105 bit/s | Audio data | 128 kbit/s MP3 – 128,000 bit/s | |
| ×ばつ105 bit/s | Audio data | Nearly CD quality[citation needed ] for a file compressed in the MP3 format | ||
| 106 | Mbit/s | ×ばつ106 bit/s | Audio data | CD audio (uncompressed, 16 bit samples ×ばつ 44.1 kHz ×ばつ 2 channels) |
| ×ばつ106 bit/s | Networking | 24 channels of telephone in the US, or a good VTC T1. | ||
| ×ばつ106 bit/s | Video data | 30 channels of telephone audio or a Video Tele-Conference at VHS quality | ||
| ×ばつ106 bit/s | Video data | DVD quality | ||
| 107 | ×ばつ107 bit/s | Networking | Classic Ethernet | |
| ×ばつ107 bit/s | Biology | Research suggests that the human retina transmits data to the brain at the rate of ca. 107 bit/sec[5] [6] | ||
| ×ばつ107 bit/s | Video data | HDTV quality | ||
| 108 | ×ばつ108 bit/s | Networking | Fast Ethernet | |
| ×ばつ108 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | USB 2.0 High-Speed (interface signalling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ108 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | FireWire IEEE 1394b-2002 S800 | ||
| ×ばつ108 bit/s | Computer storage | Harddrive read, Samsung SpinPoint F1 HD103Uj [7] | ||
| 109 | Gbit/s | ×ばつ109 bit/s | Networking | Gigabit Ethernet |
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | Parallel ATA UDMA 6; conventional PCI 32 bit 33 MHz – 133 MB/s | ||
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Networking | OC-24, a 1.244 Gbit/s SONET data channel | ||
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | SATA 1.5 Gbit/s – First generation (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI Express 1.0 ×ばつ1 (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | SATA 3Gbit/s – Second generation (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI Express 2.0 ×ばつ1 (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | SATA 6Gbit/s – Third generation (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI Express 3.0 ×ばつ1 (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI-X 64 bit 133 MHz – 1,067 MB/s | ||
| ×ばつ109 bit/s | Networking | OC-192, a 9.953 Gbit/s SONET data channel | ||
| 1010 | ×ばつ1010 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | Thunderbolt | |
| ×ばつ1010 bit/s | Networking | 10 Gigabit Ethernet | ||
| ×ばつ1010 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | USB 3.1 SuperSpeed 10 Gbit/s (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ1010 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI Express 4.0 ×ばつ1 (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ1010 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI Express 5.0 ×ばつ1 (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ1010 bit/s | Networking | OC-768, a 39.813 Gbit/s SONET data channel, the fastest in current use | ||
| ×ばつ1010 bit/s | Networking | 40 Gigabit Ethernet | ||
| ×ばつ1010 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI Express 1.0 ×ばつ16 (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ1010 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI Express 2.0 ×ばつ16 (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ1010 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | InfiniBand 12X QDR | ||
| 1011 | ×ばつ1011 bit/s | Networking | 100 Gigabit Ethernet | |
| ×ばつ1011 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI Express 3.0 ×ばつ16 (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ1011 bit/s | Networking | 200 Gigabit Ethernet | ||
| ×ばつ1011 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI Express 4.0 ×ばつ16 (interface signaling rate) | ||
| ×ばつ1011 bit/s | Networking | 400 Gigabit Ethernet | ||
| ×ばつ1011 bit/s | Computer data interfaces | PCI Express 5.0 ×ばつ16 (interface signaling rate) | ||
| 1012 | Tbit/s | ×ばつ1012 bit/s | Networking | SEA-ME-WE 4 submarine communications cable – 1.28 terabits per second [8] |
| ×ばつ1012 bit/s | Networking | I-ME-WE submarine communications cable – design capacity of 3.84 terabits per second [9] | ||
| 1014 | ×ばつ1014 bit/s | Networking | Projected average global internet traffic in 2015 according to Cisco's 2011 VNI IP traffic forecast [10] [11] | |
| 1015 | Pbit/s | ×ばつ1015 bit/s | Networking | Data rate over a 14 transmission core optical fiber developed by NEC and Corning researchers.[12] |
See also
[edit ]- Data-rate units
- List of interface bit rates
- Spectral efficiency
- Orders of magnitude (data)
- Orders of magnitude (time)
References
[edit ]- ^ Heppenheimer, T. A. (April 1987). "Signaling Subs". Popular Science. 230 (4). New York: 44–48.
- ^ Source specifies a transmission rate of 3 characters in 5 minutes. An uppercase character can be represented with 5 bits.
- ^ "The Promising Marriage of Wireless and GPS Technologies" (PDF). U-blox. November 2009. p. 7. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ WPM, or Words Per Minute, is the number of times the word "PARIS" is transferred per minute. Strictly speaking the code is quinary, accounting inter-element, inter-letter, and inter-word gaps, yielding 50 binary elements (bits) per one word. Therefore 40 wpm is 2000 bits/min or 55.6 bit/s. Counting characters, including inter-word gaps, gives six characters per word or 240 characters per minute, and finally four characters per second.
- ^ Penn researchers calculate how much the eye tells the brain, 26 July 2006
- ^ How Much the Eye Tells the Brain
- ^ "Samsung overtakes".
- ^ "Fujitsu Completes Construction of SEA-ME-WE 4 Submarine Cable Network". Fujitsu Press Releases. Fujitsu. 13 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "Imewe Picks Alcatel-Lucent". LR Mobile News. 11 February 2008. Archived from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
- ^ "Cisco: The Internet Is, Like, Really Big, and Getting Bigger". Dow Jones & Company. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ Calculated based on Cisco's figure of 966 exabytes per year, using the astronomical definition of a Julian year (365.25 days per year, 86,400 seconds per day).
- ^ "NEC, Corning claim petabit transmission over a single optical fiber". PennWell. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.