Nymphalinae
| Nymphalinae | |
|---|---|
| Kallima paralekta - MHNT | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Subfamily: | Nymphalinae Swainson, 1827 |
| Diversity | |
| 6 tribes (but see text) | |
The Nymphalinae are a subfamily of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). Sometimes, the subfamilies Limenitidinae, and Biblidinae are included here as subordinate tribe(s), while the tribe Melitaeini is occasionally regarded as a distinct subfamily. Their phylogenetics can be traced back to the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction, followed by repeated dispersals into the rest of the Old World and the New World during various periods beginning in the Eocene.
Systematics
[edit ]The traditionally recognized tribes of Nymphalinae are here listed in the presumed phylogenetic sequence:[1]
- Coeini (six or seven genera)
- Nymphalini – anglewings, tortoiseshells and relatives (about 15 genera, two are fossil)
- Kallimini (about five genera)
- Victorinini (four genera, formerly in Kallimini)
- Junoniini (about five genera)
- Melitaeini – fritillaries (about 25 genera)
- Vanessulini (one genus, Vanessula Dewitz, 1887 , per Grishin in Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 202, elsewhere as incertae sedis)
Genera incertae sedis are:
- Rhinopalpa – the wizard
- Kallimoides Shirôzu & Nakanishi, 1984 – African leaf butterfly
In addition to these, Crenidomimas is sometimes placed here, but may belong in the Limenitidinae, genus Euryphura .
The Late Eocene fossil genus Lithodryas might belong here, but it is generally assigned to the Lycaenidae.
References
[edit ]- ^ See references in Savela (2010)
Further reading
[edit ]- Savela, Markku (2010): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Nymphalinae. Version of 2010-JUN-30. Retrieved 2011-FEB-08.
- Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
- Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
- Su, C., Shi, Q., Sun, X. et al. Dated phylogeny and dispersal history of the butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Sci Rep 7, 8799 (2017)
External links
[edit ]
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