Nitroimidazole
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| Preferred IUPAC name
5-Nitro-1H-imidazole | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.019.296 Edit this at Wikidata |
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C3H3N3O2 | |
| Molar mass | 113.076 g·mol−1 |
| Melting point | 303 °C (577 °F; 576 K) (decomposes) |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
| GHS07: Exclamation mark | |
| Warning | |
| H302 | |
| P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Nitroimidazoles are the group of organic compounds consisting of an imidazole ring with at least one nitro group substituent. The term also refers to the class of antibiotics that have nitroimidazole in their structures.[2] These antibiotics commonly include the 5-nitroimidazole positional isomer.
Synthesis
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Imidazole undergoes a nitration reaction with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid to give 5-nitroimidazole.
Nitroimidazole antibiotics
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From the chemistry perspective, nitroimidazole antibiotics can be classified according to the location of the nitro functional group. Structures with names 4- and 5-nitroimidazole are equivalent from the perspective of drugs since these tautomers readily interconvert. Drugs of the 5-nitro variety include metronidazole, tinidazole, nimorazole, dimetridazole, pretomanid, ornidazole, megazol, and azanidazole. Drugs based on 2-nitroimidazoles include benznidazole and azomycin.[3]
Nitroimidazole antibiotics have been used to combat anaerobic bacterial and parasitic infections.[4] Perhaps the most common example is metronidazole. Other heterocycles such as nitrothiazoles (thiazole) are also used for this purpose. Nitroheterocycles may be reductively activated in hypoxic cells, and then undergo redox recycling or decompose to toxic products.[5]
References
[edit ]- ^ 4-Nitroimidazole at Sigma-Aldrich
- ^ Edwards, David I. (1993). "Nitroimidazole drugs-action and resistance mechanisms I. Mechanism of action". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 31 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1093/jac/31.1.9. PMID 8444678.
- ^ Jenks, Peter J. (2010年01月01日), Finch, Roger G.; Greenwood, David; Norrby, S. Ragnar; Whitley, Richard J. (eds.), "CHAPTER 24 - Nitroimidazoles" , Antibiotic and Chemotherapy (Ninth Edition), London: W.B. Saunders, pp. 292–300, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4064-1.00024-5, ISBN 978-0-7020-4064-1 , retrieved 2023年10月18日
- ^ Mital A (2009). "Synthetic Nitroimidazoles: Biological Activities and Mutagenicity Relationships". Sci Pharm. 77 (3): 497–520. doi:10.3797/scipharm.0907-14 .
- ^ Juchau, MR (1989). "Bioactivation in chemical teratogenesis". Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29: 165–167. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.29.040189.001121. PMID 2658769.