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List of crossword designers

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A game designer is a person who invents games at the conceptual level.[1] Crossword designers are also known as crossword compilers, cruciverbalists, crossword writers, crossword constructors, or crossword setters.[2] [3] The following is a list of notable crossword designers.

Designer Notable work Honors Ref.
Erik Agard crossword puzzle creator for the Los Angeles Times and The New York Times ; crossword editor of USA Today [4] [5]
David Astle creates crossword puzzles under the pseudonym DA for The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald [6]
Adrian Bell first compiler of The Times crossword [7]
Tracy Bennett edits The New York Times Games products Wordle and Strands [8] [9]
Jacques Bens head of crosswords for L'Express and Lire [10]
Patrick Berry crossword puzzle creator for the The New York Times, The New Yorker, and Harper's Magazine Merl Reagle MEmoRiaL Award [11] [12]
Harold T. Bers crossword creator for The Atlanta Constitution , The Washington Post , and the New York Herald-Tribune; credited with inventing the themed crossword puzzle while working for The New York Times Crossword Puzzle Hall of Fame [13] [14]
Seth Bisen-Hersh contributor for The New York Times crossword [15] [16]
Joyce Cansfield crossword setter for The Times and crossword compiler The Listener . under the pseudonym Machiavelli [17]
Alan Connor crossword editor for The Guardian and sets the Everyman cryptic crossword for The Observer [18] [19]
Nuala Considine crossword compiler for The Irish Times , The Daily Telegraph , The Spectator , Financial Times , Woman's Realm , The Washington Post , and New Scientist [20]
Emily Cox wrote a monthly cryptic crossword with her husband Henry Rathvon for The Atlantic and The Wall Street Journal under the pseudonym Hex [21]
Ruth Crisp compiled crosswords for The Guardian under the names Crispa and Vixen [22]
Jonathan Crowther crossword puzzle setter for The Observer with the pseudonym Azed [23] [24] [25]
John Derek Crozier compiler of the cryptic crossword in The Irish Times, with the pseudonym Crosaire [26]
Leonard Dawe crossword compiler for The Daily Telegraph [27]
Colin Dexter crosswords for The Oxford Times [28]
Tom Driberg compiler of a regular, highly risqué cryptic crossword puzzle for Private Eye as Tiresias [29]
Jacques Drillon head of the crossword section of Le Nouvel Observateur [30]
Roy Earle compiler of a cryptic crossword published daily in The Irish Times under the pseudonym Mac An Iarla [31]
Sam Ezersky crossword constructor for the New York Times games department [32]
Joel Fagliano compiler of the Mini Crossword and The New York Times crossword [33]
Margaret Farrar first crossword puzzle editor for The New York Times and editor of crossword books Crossword Puzzle Hall of Fame [34] [35]
Jeremiah Farrell contributor to The New York Times crossword [36]
John Finnemore created cryptic crosswords under the pseudonym Emu for The Listener and The Times [37] [23]
Vic Fleming created crosswords for numerous publications and also I Swear puzzles book [38] [39] [40]
Matt Gaffney created crosswords for Billboard, Chicago Tribune , The Daily Beast GAMES magazine, Los Angeles Times , and The New York Times [41] [42]
Mangesh Ghogre created crossword puzzles published in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and Los Angeles Times [43] [44]
Nayanika Mukherjee created crossword puzzles and puzzle events for The Indian Express and The Hindu; designed WordleCup, the first multiplayer Wordle [45] [46] [47]
Sowmya Ramkumar created crossword puzzles and cryptics for Hindustan Times, The Boston Globe and The Hindu [48]
Walter B. Gibson created crossword puzzles for Philadelphia publications [49]
Bernice Gordon created crossword puzzles for the The New York Times and Los Angeles Times [50]
Dave Gorman cryptic crosswords setter for The Independent as Bluth, The Daily Telegraph as Django, and The Guardian as Fed [51]
John Galbraith Graham cryptic crossword compiler for The Guardian under the pseudonym Araucaria [52]
Paul Green created around 300 CommuniCrostics crosswords for the IEEE Communications Magazine [53]
Barbara Hall crosswords puzzles editor for The Sunday Times ; also created and set puzzles for the Daily Mail , The Yorkshire Post , and The Observer [54]
John Halpern cryptic crossword compiler for The Guardian , The Independent , The Times , The Daily Telegraph , and Financial Times [52]
Sarah Hayes crossword and advanced cryptics creator associated with The Daily Telegraph , The Guardian , The Independent, New Statesman, Financial Times, and The Times, using the names Anarche, Aranya, and Rosa [55] [56]
Francis Heaney puzzle writer and editor-at-large for GAMES Magazine [57] [2]
Tyler Hinman crossword contributor to the The New York Times and The Onion [58] [2]
Henry Hook created crosswords and cryptics for Games and was a crossword creator for King Features Syndicate, The New York Times , and The Boston Globe Sunday edition [59]
Helene Hovanec crossword puzzle book writer for children [2]
Margaret Irvine set cryptic crosswords for The Guardian under the pseudonym Nutmeg [60]
Maura Jacobson contributed weekly to The New York Times crossword for 31 years [61]
Daniel Larsen constructed crossword puzzles for The New York Times when he was thirteen years old [62] [63]
Wendy Law set cryptic crosswords for The Guardian and the Financial Times [64]
Frank W. Lewis created weekly crossword for The Nation for fifty years [65]
Wyna Liu crossword creator and editor of The New York Times Connections [66]
Aimee Lucido crossword constructor and editor for The New York Times crossword [5] [67]
William Lutwiniak crossword co-editor of The Washington Post magazine and contributor to the New York Herald Tribune [68]
Derrick Somerset Macnutt crossword contributor to The Observer under the pseudonym Ximenes [69]
Eugene T. Maleska crossword puzzle constructor who edited The New York Times crossword [70]
Don Manley crossword contributor to The Guardian and crossword editor of Church Times, under the pseudonyms Bradman, Duck, Giovanni, and Quixote [71]
Edward Powys Mathers pioneer of the cryptic crossword; created crossword for The Observer as Torquemada [52] [23]
Andrea Carla Michaels contributor for The New York Times crossword [72]
Jeremy Morse writer of cryptic crossword clues for The Observer and word puzzles for Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics [73] [74]
Stanley Newman editor of the Newsday crossword puzzle [75] [2]
Manny Nosowsky crossword contributor to The New York Times , the Wall Street Journal [76]
Juan Ostoic wrote crossword puzzles for La Tercera using the pseudonym Jota O [77]
Trip Payne crossword contributing editor to Games World of Puzzles [78]
Georges Perec created crossword-puzzles for Le Point [79]
John Pidgeon crossword compiler for the The Daily Telegraph under the pseudonym Petitjean [80]
Brendan Emmett Quigley created crossword for The New York Times , The Washington Post , The Wall Street Journal , and The Boston Globe [81] [2]
A. N. Prahlada Rao Kannada-language crossword compiler [82]
Henry Rathvon wrote a monthly cryptic crossword with his wife Emily Cox for The Atlantic and The Wall Street Journal under the pseudonym Hex [21]
Merl Reagle crossword constructor for the San Francisco Chronicle; syndicated in more than fifty papers [83]
Alistair Ferguson Ritchie crossword compiler for in The Sketch and The Listener, under the pseudonym Afrit [52]
Anna Shechtman constructs crossword puzzles for The New Yorker and The New York Times [84]
Mike Shenk crosswood puzzle editor of The Wall Street Journal [85]
Will Shortz puzzle designer for The New York Times crossword Sam Loyd Award [86] [87] [58]
Evelyn E. Smith crossword compiler [88]
Bob Smithies compiler of cryptic crossword for The Guardian under the pseudonym Bunthorne [89]
Stephen Sondheim credited with introducing British cryptic crosswords to the US through a series he created for New York magazine, later consolidated as Stephen Sondheim's Crossword Puzzles [90] [65]
Roger Squires recognised by Guinness World Records as "The World's Most Prolific Crossword Compiler"; crossword editor at the Birmingham Post; and crossword compiler for The Daily Telegraph , The Times, The Guardian , The Sun, and The Financial Times , using the pseudonyms Bower, Dante, Hodge, Icarus, and Rufus [24] [91]
David Steinberg editor of the Universal Crossword, a daily puzzle published by Andrews McMeel Syndication; former crossword constructor for The New York Times and Los Angeles Times [92] [2]
Benjamin Tatar created crossword puzzles for Dell Publishing [93]
Jan Buckner Walker creator of the Tribune Media Services' Kids Across Parents Down family crossword [94]
Will Weng crossword puzzle editor for The New York Times [35]
Arthur Wynne Invented the modern crossword puzzle while working for the New York World Crossword Puzzle Hall of Fame [95] [57]

See also

[edit ]

References

[edit ]
  1. ↑ "What Do Game Designers Do? A Complete Guide". Circuit Stream. Retrieved 2026年03月30日.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Seikaly, Kristen (2017年10月24日). "List of Professional Crossword Writers | Crossword puzzle maker |". The BrightSprout Blog. Retrieved 2026年04月29日.
  3. ↑ "Cruciverbalist". www.worldwidewords.org. Retrieved 2026年04月29日.
  4. ↑ Lovinger, Caitlin (2025年07月19日). "Leader Before the King?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年03月30日.
  5. 1 2 Hartman, Matt (August 5, 2022). "Inside the Elite, Underpaid, and Weird World of Crossword Writers". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583 . Retrieved 2026年04月06日.
  6. ↑ Carew, Anthony (2008年07月11日). "A way with words". The Age. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  7. ↑ Kamm, Oliver (2009年03月26日). "The Times crossword: the man who began it all". The Times. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  8. ↑ Clements, Erin (2023年01月09日). "Wordle editor Tracy Bennett reveals what words get the most complaints". TODAY.com. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  9. ↑ Levine, Elie (2024年03月04日). "Putting a New Twist on a Classic Puzzle". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  10. ↑ "Jacques Bens". The Independent. 2001年09月04日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  11. ↑ Horne, Jim (2010年11月13日). "Doubleheaders". Wordplay Blog. The New York Times. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  12. ↑ O'Kelly, Kevin (June 12, 1998). "Clued in: Carrboro resident has his ups and downs crafting crossword puzzles". The Chapel Hill News . p. B4–B5. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ↑ Worley, Sam (2012年03月28日). "The puzzler and the puzzled". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  14. ↑ "Harold Bers, 47, Ad Writer, Dead, Aide of Batten, Barton was Crossword Puzzle Expert". The New York Times. 1961年10月15日. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  15. ↑ Fabi, Rachel (2023年01月01日). "Kerfuffle". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  16. ↑ Corbin, Sam (2024年06月25日). "'Let's Do This Thing!'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  17. ↑ "Joyce Cansfield obituary". The Times. 2019年10月20日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  18. ↑ Connor, Alan (4 December 2023). "Crossword blog: time to take stock". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  19. ↑ Connor, Alan (26 November 2022). "Meet the setter: The Observer's Everyman". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  20. ↑ "Keeping thousands of readers puzzled for over 70 years: Nuala Considine obituary: a colourful life from diplomatic beginnings to crosswords". The Irish Times. August 24, 2018. Retrieved 2023年02月06日.
  21. 1 2 Picciotto, Joshua Kosman and Henri (2013年09月12日). "Cryptic Royalty". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  22. ↑ Stephenson, Hugh (2007年01月29日). "Ruth Crisp". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  23. 1 2 3 O'Kane, Caitlin. "The Puzzle Edit: how we led the way with the toughest puzzles of all". The Observer. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  24. 1 2 "Why you buy a particular paper - Media, News". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2008年04月22日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  25. ↑ Jonathan Crowther (2006) A-Z of Crosswords pp. 44–46, Collins ISBN 978-0-00-722923-9, ISBN 0-00-722923-2
  26. ↑ "Carrying the Crossaire". The Irish Times. October 22, 2011. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  27. ↑ Connor, Alan (2014年05月26日). "Crossword blog: Leonard Dawe, the man behind the infamous D-day crosswords". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  28. ↑ Connor, Alan (2017年03月22日). "Crossword blog: Colin Dexter's life in five clues". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  29. ↑ Thompson, Harry (1994). Richard Ingrams: lord of the gnomes. London: Heinemann. pp. 242–243. ISBN 978-0-434-77828-7.
  30. ↑ Lindon, Mathieu (December 26, 2021). "Disparition Mort de l'érudit touche-à-tout Jacques Drillon" [Disappearance Death of the erudite jack-of-all-trades Jacques Drillon]. Libération (in French). Retrieved April 4, 2026.
  31. ↑ "Two months of being the new Crosaire". The Irish Times. December 24, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011年12月28日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  32. ↑ Weiss, Max (December 2023). "The 'New York Times' Spelling Bee Editor is Proud of His Baltimore Roots". Baltimore . Retrieved April 4, 2026.
  33. ↑ Fagliano, Joel (2019年03月26日). "A Mini History of Our Mini Crossword". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  34. ↑ Girard, Penny (1979年04月01日). "The Crossword Appeal: Ia a Puzzlement". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  35. 1 2 McCormick, Mike. "Will Weng" (PDF). Wabash Valley Profiles. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
  36. ↑ "Jeremiah Farrell". The Linda Hall Library. November 5, 2025. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  37. ↑ McGowan, Amanda (2020年11月30日). "British comedian becomes third person in 90 years to solve difficult literary puzzle". The World from PRX. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  38. ↑ "Victor Fleming, Puzzle Author". Puzzazz. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  39. ↑ Hendricks, Nancy (June 16, 2023). "Victor Anson (Vic) Fleming (1951–)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  40. ↑ Tindall, Eric (October 25, 2018). "Vic Fleming The Crossword Person For The Rotarian Magazine Talked About Crossword Puzzles". Rotary Club of Ann Arbor North. Retrieved April 4, 2026.
  41. ↑ "Matt Gaffney". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  42. ↑ "Matt Gaffney". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  43. ↑ Banan, Aastha Atray (2012年05月07日). "Cracking It". Open Magazine. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  44. ↑ Amlen, Deb (2021年10月13日). "60 Seconds With Mangesh Ghogre". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月29日.
  45. ↑ "Read All The Stories Written by Nayanika Mukherjee". The Indian Express. 2022年05月16日. Retrieved 2026年08月03日.
  46. ↑ "The Hindu Mini Crossword: Solve today's 5x5 Indian daily puzzle online". The Hindu Crossword+. Retrieved 2026年08月03日.
  47. ↑ "Kolkata girl develops Wordle Cup — a multiplayer, stream-friendly take on Wordle". www.telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 2023年12月11日. Retrieved 2026年08月03日.
  48. ↑ "Sowmya Ramkumar - Crossword Constructor". Amuse Labs: Creators of PuzzleMe. Retrieved 2026年08月03日.
  49. ↑ Saxon, Wolfgang (December 7, 1985). "Walter B. Gibson, the Creator of 'The Shadow', Dead at 88". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015年05月24日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  50. ↑ Vitez, Michael Vitez (2015年01月29日). "Bernice Gordon, legendary crossword puzzle writer, dies at 101". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  51. ↑ Gorman, Dave (November 26, 2020). "Why I've swapped gigs for grids – meet Dave Gorman, our new crossword compiler". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2020年11月27日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  52. 1 2 3 4 "Cryptic crosswords: A puzzling British obsession". BBC. 2021年03月03日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  53. ↑ "CommuniCrostics Author". IEEE Communications Society. Archived from the original on 2010年06月20日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  54. ↑ Driscoll, Margarette (2010年12月26日). "The singular world behind the riddles of Lady Cryptic". The Sunday Times . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  55. ↑ "Interview: Sarah Hayes (Arachne)". Crossword Unclued. February 26, 2013. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  56. ↑ Connor, Alan (2012年02月02日). "Crossword blog: meet the setter - Arachne". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  57. 1 2 McGee, Kimberley (June 1, 1999). "Crossword cravings: A passion for puzzles plus a love of language equals a lifelong hobby". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved April 5, 2026.
  58. 1 2 Cassidy, Mike (2011年04月22日). "Big-League Puzzle: Game Inspired by Giants Wins Praise". Oakland Tribune. pp. C1, C2 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日 – via Newspapers.com.
  59. ↑ Shortz, Will (2015年10月28日). "Remembering Henry Hook". Wordplay Blog. The New York Times. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  60. ↑ Stephenson, Hugh (2023年07月06日). "Nutmeg (Margaret Irvine) obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2026年04月06日.
  61. ↑ Genzlinger, Neil (2018年01月01日). "Maura Jacobson, Creator of Witty Crosswords, Dies at 91". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月06日.
  62. ↑ Shortz, Will (2017年02月14日). "The Youngest Crossword Constructor in New York Times History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月06日.
  63. ↑ Amlen, Deb (2022年03月03日). "60 Seconds With Daniel Larsen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月29日.
  64. ↑ Alan Connor (19 July 2026). "Wendy Law obituary". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 20 July 2026. Retrieved 25 July 2026.
  65. 1 2 Stephenson, Hugh (2015年04月16日). "Musical codes". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  66. ↑ Amlen, Deb (2020年09月16日). "60 Seconds With Wyna Liu". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  67. ↑ Amlen, Deb (2021年12月08日). "60 Seconds With Aimee Lucido". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月29日.
  68. ↑ "W. Lutwiniak, Crossword Puzzle Expert, Dies". The Washington Post. 1992年01月27日. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2026年04月06日.
  69. ↑ "Foreign News: The Crossword King". TIME. 1952年09月22日. Retrieved 2026年04月06日.
  70. ↑ Barron, James (1993年08月05日). "Eugene T. Maleska, Crossword Editor, Dies at 77". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月06日.
  71. ↑ Connor, Alan (2012年08月02日). "Crossword blog: meet the setter - Pasquale". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2026年04月06日.
  72. ↑ Pine, Dan (2006年08月25日). "My word!". J. : The Jewish News of Northern California. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  73. ↑ Connor, Alan (2016年02月08日). "Crossword blog: farewell to Jeremy Morse". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  74. ↑ Barber, Michael (2020). "Morse, Sir (Christopher) Jeremy (1928–2016), banker". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.111069. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  75. ↑ "About Stanley Newman". The New York Times. 2001年10月29日. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  76. ↑ Amlen, Deb (2019年04月17日). "60 Seconds With Manny Nosowsky". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  77. ↑ "Juan Ostoic, destacado exbasquetbolista nacional falleció a los 89 años" [Juan Ostoic, prominent former national basketball player, died at 89]. ADN (in Spanish). 25 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  78. ↑ Payne, Trip (2024年03月10日). "The Cryptic Crossword: Sunday, March 10, 2024". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  79. ↑ Picciotto, Joshua Kosman and Henri (2012年10月12日). "Georges Perec on Crosswords". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  80. ↑ "John Pidgeon, journalist, radio producer and Telegraph crossword compiler". The Telegraph. 2016年07月22日. ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  81. ↑ "News/Features | The puzzler". The Boston Phoenix. July 28, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011年07月28日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  82. ↑ "Kannada crossword puzzles launched". The Hindu . 17 February 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 2014年07月07日.
  83. ↑ Roberts, Sam (2015年08月25日). "Merl Reagle, Whose Crossword Puzzles Delighted Clued-In Solvers, Dies at 65". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  84. ↑ Moshakis, Alex (2019年05月12日). "Anna Shechtman, the new queen of crosswords". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  85. ↑ Mossbrook, Carley (2014年12月27日). "An enigmatic career: Math alum is Wall Street Journal's puzzle guru". Penn State University. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  86. ↑ Hiltner, Stephen (2017年08月01日). "Will Shortz: A Profile of a Lifelong Puzzle Master". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024年02月17日.
  87. ↑ Association Awards: Sam Loyd Award Archived November 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Association for Games & Puzzles International
  88. ↑ "Smith, Evelyn E". Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  89. ↑ Wainwright, Martin; Stephenson, Hugh (2006年08月02日). "Bob Smithies". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  90. ↑ Healy, Patrick (2011年09月16日). "This Time It's Crosswords (Not Cross Words) That Surface From Sondheim". ArtsBeat. The New York Times. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  91. ↑ Bates, Abigail; Johnson, Peter (October 1, 2007). "Ace's two millionth brainteaser". Shropshire Star. Archived from the original on 2011年05月25日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  92. ↑ "Precocious Puzzles". Standford Magazine. 2017年01月01日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  93. ↑ Sabatini, Patricia (December 2, 2012). "Obituary: Benjamin Tatar / Actor was Jackie Gleason's aide, lived with Ava Gardner Jan. 23, 1930 – Nov. 29, 2012". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
  94. ↑ "About Us". Kids Across Parents Down. Archived from the original on 2011年07月13日. Retrieved 2026年04月05日.
  95. ↑ Augarde, Tony (2003). The Oxford Guide to Word Games. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866264-5.

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