List of Solar System extremes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.
By feature
[edit ]| Record | Data | Feature | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Largest canyon | 4000 km long, 200 km wide | Valles Marineris, Mars | [1] |
| Tallest mountain | 22 km (13.6 mi) | Rheasilvia central peak, Vesta | [2] [3] |
| Tallest volcano | 25 km (15.5 mi) | Olympus Mons, Mars | [4] |
| Tallest cliff | 20 km (12.4 mi) | Verona Rupes, Miranda, Uranus | [5] |
| Largest impact crater | 2,700 km (1,700 mi) | North Polar Basin, Mars | [6] |
By class
[edit ]| Type | Average density | Average temperature | Average surface gravity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | |
| Star | 1.4 g/cm3 | 5778 K | 274 m/s2 | |||
| Major planet | 0.7 g/cm3Saturn [12] [13] | 5.51 g/cm3 Earth |
73 K | 733 K | 3.70 m/s2 Mercury |
23.1 m/s2 Jupiter |
| Dwarf planet | 1.4 ±0.2 g/cm3 Orcus [20] [NB 1] | 2.52 ±0.05 g/cm3 Eris [21] | 30 K | 167 K | ≈0.2 m/s2 Orcus | 0.8 m/s2Eris |
| Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 2] | 0.98 g/cm3 Tethys |
3.53 g/cm3 Io [22] [23] |
38 K Triton [24] |
250 K Moon [25] |
0.064 m/s2Mimas | 1.796 m/s2Io |
| Type | Escape velocity | Mass | Volume (radius) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | |
| Star | 617.7 km/s Sun |
332,830 MEarth Sun |
695,000 km Sun | |||
| Major planet | 4.3 k m/s Mercury [18] |
59.5 km/s Jupiter [18] |
0.055 MEarth Mercury [28] |
318 MEarth Jupiter [26] |
2500 km Mercury [29] |
69911 k m Jupiter [28] |
| Dwarf planet | ≈0.43 k m/s Orcus |
1.3 km/s Eris |
0.0000916 MEarth Orcus [20] [NB 3] |
0.0028 MEarth Eris |
487.3 km Ceres |
1187 km Pluto |
| Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 2] | 0.16 km/s Mimas |
2.74 km/s Ganymede |
0.000006 MEarth Mimas |
0.0250 MEarth Ganymede [30] |
198 km Mimas |
2634 km Ganymede [22] [30] |
| Extreme characteristic | Major planet | Dwarf planet | Major moon (of a major or dwarf planet) [NB 2] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Densest atmosphere | Venus [NB 4] [31] [32] |
Pluto | Titan [31] |
By object
[edit ]| Astronomical body | Elevation (height above/below datum) |
Elevation (height above/below base) |
Surface temperature | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | |
| Sun | N/A | 5,000,000 K In a solar flare |
1240 K In a sunspot | |||
| Mercury | 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) Caloris Montes, northwest Caloris Basin rim mountains |
723 K Dayside of Mercury |
89 K Permanently shaded polar craters | |||
| Venus | 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra |
3 kilometres (1.9 mi) Diana Chasma, Aphrodite Terra |
755 K lowlands of Venus |
644 K Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra | ||
| Earth | 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) Mount Everest, Nepal - Tibet, China |
10,971 metres (35,994 ft) Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean |
10,200 metres (33,500 ft) Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States of America |
7 kilometres (4.3 mi) Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean |
330 K Furnace Creek Ranch, Death Valley, United States (more info) |
184 K Vostok Station, Antarctica (more info) |
| Mars | 27 kilometres (17 mi) Olympus Mons, Tharsis [44] |
6 kilometres (3.7 mi) Hellas Planitia |
24 kilometres (15 mi) Olympus Mons, Tharsis [48] |
9 kilometres (5.6 mi) Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris |
293 K Martian equator in midsummer day |
120 K Martian poles in the depths of winter night |
| Jupiter | N/A | 152 K | 110 K | |||
| Saturn | N/A | 143 K | 82 K | |||
| Uranus | N/A | 68 K | 59 K | |||
| Neptune | N/A | 53 K [54] |
50 K [54] | |||
| Moon | 10,786 metres (35,387 ft) 5.4125°, 201.3665° [55] [56] |
9.06 kilometres (5.63 mi) Antoniadi Crater (-172.58°E, 70.38°S) |
400 K midday on the equator [57] |
26 K Permanently shadowed southwestern edge of the northern polar zone Hermite Crater in winter solstice [57] | ||
| Io | 17.3 kilometres (10.7 mi) Boosaule Montes [58] [59] |
|||||
| Europa | 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) conical mountain (34.5N, 169.5W) [60] |
132 K Subsolar temperature [61] |
||||
| Ganymede | 156 K Subsolar temperature [61] |
80 K Nighttime temperature [62] | ||||
| Callisto | 168 K Subsolar temperature [61] |
80 K Predawn nighttime temperature [63] | ||||
| Titan | 2 km (1.2 mi) Mithrim Montes, Xanadu [64] |
|||||
| Mimas | ||||||
| Enceladus | 110 K Tiger Stripes [65] |
|||||
| Tethys | ||||||
| Dione | ||||||
| Rhea | ||||||
| Iapetus | 20 kilometres (12 mi)Voyager Mountains, equatorial ridge and bulge | |||||
| Ariel | ||||||
| Umbriel | ||||||
| Titania | ||||||
| Oberon | ||||||
| Miranda | 20 kilometers (12 mi) | |||||
| Triton | ||||||
| Nereid | ||||||
| Proteus | ||||||
| Charon | ||||||
| Ceres | 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) Ahuna Mons |
235 K | ||||
| Pluto | 3.4 km (2.1 mi) Norgay Montes, Tombaugh Regio [72] |
45 K | 35 K [73] | |||
| Eris | 41 K | 30 K | ||||
| Makemake | ||||||
| Haumea | ||||||
| The bodies included in this table are: (1) planemos; (2) major planets, dwarf planets, or moons of major or dwarf planets, or stars; (3) hydrostatically round so as to be able to provide a geodetic datum line. | ||||||
By distance
[edit ]See also
[edit ]- Solar System
- Lists of geological features of the Solar System
- List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
Notes
[edit ]References
[edit ]- ^ NASA, "Ius Chasma" (accessed 2010年11月15日)
- ^ Vega, P. (11 October 2011). "New View of Vesta Mountain From NASA's Dawn Mission". Jet Propulsion Lab's Dawn mission website. NASA. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ Schenk, P.; Marchi, S.; O'Brien, D.P.; Buczkowski, D.; Jaumann, R.; Yingst, A.; McCord, T.; Gaskell, R.; Roatsch, T.; Keller, H. E.; Raymond, C.A.; Russell, C.T. (1 March 2012). "Mega-Impacts into Planetary Bodies: Global Effects of the Giant Rheasilvia Impact Basin on Vesta". 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. The Woodlands, Texas: LPI. p. 2757. Bibcode:2012LPI....43.2757S. contribution 1659, id.2757.
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External links
[edit ]- Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets" by Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed November 2010)
- Journey Through the Galaxy: "Planets of the Solar System" by Stuart Robbins and David McDonald, 2006 (accessed November 2010)
- The Nine Planets, "Appendix 2: Solar System Extrema" by Bill Arnett, 2007 (accessed November 2010)
- EnchantedLearning.com, "Solar System Extremes", 2010 (accessed November 2010)