List of Fatimid caliphs
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| Fatimid Caliph | |
|---|---|
Gold dinar of al-Mustansir, with the inscriptions in the concentric circles typical of Fatimid coinage | |
| Residence |
|
| Formation | August 909 |
| First holder | Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah (873 AD - Al-Salamiyah, Syria) |
| Abolished | September 1171 |
This is a list of an Arab dynasty, the Shi'ite caliphs of the Fatimid dynasty (909–1171). The Shi'ite caliphs were also regarded at the same time as the imams of the Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam.
| # | Coin | Kunya | Given name | Regnal name | Reign | Birth | Death | Remarks | refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gold coin of Caliph al-Mahdi, Mahdiyya, 926 | Abu Muhammad أبو محمد |
Abd Allah عبد الله |
al-Mahdi bi'llah المهدي |
27 August 909 – 4 March 934 |
873 Salamiyah, Syria |
4 March 934 | His claim to be the Mahdi caused the Qarmatian schism in 899. Fled Salamiya in 903, and settled at Sijilmasa in 905 while Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i overthrew the Aghlabids and established the Fatimid Caliphate in his name in 909. Fatimid rule over Ifriqiya was consolidated and extended to Sicily, but three attempts to invade Egypt and thence attack the Abbasids failed. | |
| 2 | Abu'l-Qasim ابو القاسم |
Muhammad محمد |
al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah القائم بأمر الله |
4 March 934 – 17 May 946 |
893 Salamiyah, Syria |
17 May 946 | Only son of al-Mahdi bi'llah, his reign was dominated by the Kharijite revolt of Abu Yazid, who reduced the Fatimids to their palace city, al-Mahdiya. | ||
| 3 | Abu Tahir أبو طاهر |
Isma'il اسماعیل |
al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah المنصور بنصر الله |
17 May 946 – 18 March 953 |
913 Raqqada |
18 March 953 | Defeated the rebellion of Abu Yazid, and resumed the war against the Byzantines in southern Italy. | ||
| 4 | Gold coin of Caliph al-Mu'izz, Cairo, 969 | Abu Tamim أبو تميم |
Ma'ad معد |
al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah المعز لدين الله |
19 March 953 – 18 December 975 |
26 September 931 | 18 December 975 | His general Jawhar occupied most of the Maghreb for him, and proceeded to conquer Egypt in 969. In 973, al-Mu'izz moved the Fatimid court and capital to newly founded Cairo. The Zirids were left in Ifriqiya as Fatimid viceroys. | |
| 5 | Abu Mansur أبو منصور |
Nizar نزار |
al-Aziz bi'llah العزيز بالله |
18 December 975 – 13 October 996 |
10 May 955 | 14 October 996 | Succeeded in expanding Fatimid control over most of Syria, where he entered into conflict with the Byzantines over Aleppo. | [1] | |
| 6 | Gold coin of Caliph al-Hakim, Sicily, 1010 | Abu Ali أبو علي |
Mansur المنصور |
al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah الحاكم بأمر الله |
14 October 996 – 13 February 1021 |
13 August 985 | 13 February 1021 (disappeared) | Concluded a lasting peace with the Byzantines in 1000. He is a respected religious figure due to his divine knowledge and extra ordinary personality. He disappeared, and was likely murdered, during a night excursion. | |
| 7 | Abu'l-Hasan ابو الحسن |
Ali علي |
al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah الظاهر لإعزاز دين الله |
13 February 1021 – 13 June 1036 |
20 June 1005 | 13 June 1036 | His reign represents a return to normality after al-Hakim's turbulent final years. | ||
| 8 | Gold coin of Caliph al-Mustansir, Egypt, 1055 | Abu Tamim أبو تميم |
Ma'ad معد |
al-Mustansir bi'llah المستنصر بالله |
13 June 1036[a] – 29 December 1094/ 6 January 1095[6] [7] |
2 July 1029 Cairo |
29 December 1094/ 6 January 1095[8] [9] Cairo |
The longest-reigning Fatimid caliph, his reign saw increasing political instability and the near collapse of the dynasty at the hands of the Sunni warlord Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan. The Armenian general Badr al-Jamali restored order and saved the dynasty, but installed himself as a virtual military dictator ("vizier of the sword") independent of the caliph. | |
| 9 | Gold coin of Caliph al-Musta'li, Tripoli, 1101 | Abu'l-Qasim ابو القاسم |
Ahmad أحمد |
al-Musta'li bi'llah المستعلي بالله |
29 December 1094/6 January 1095[10] [11] –1101 |
16 September 1074 Cairo |
12 December 1101 | Probably the youngest son of al-Mustansir, he was raised to the throne by Badr's son and successor, al-Afdal Shahanshah. This caused the rebellion and death of his older brother Nizar, and split the Isma'ili movement into rival Musta'li and Nizari branches. A puppet of al-Afdal, his reign saw the arrival of the First Crusade. | |
| 10 | Gold coin of Caliph al-Amir, Tyre, 1118 | Abu Ali أبو علي |
Mansur منصور |
al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah الآمر بأحكام الله |
1101 – 8 October 1130 | 31 December 1096 | 8 October 1130 | Raised to the throne as a child by al-Afdal, who was his uncle and became his father-in-law. Until al-Afdal's murder in 1121. His reign saw the progressive loss of the coastal cities of the Levant to the Crusaders. | |
| Interregnum due to al-Amir dying without a stable succession other than the infant al-Tayyib, who died or was killed soon after. Regency of Abd al-Majid (the future al-Hafiz) and usurpation of Kutayfat. | |||||||||
| 11 | Abu'l-Maymun أبو الميمون |
Abd al-Majid عبد المجيد |
al-Hafiz li-Din Allah الحافظ لدين الله |
23 January 1132 – 8 October 1149 |
1074/5 | 8 October 1149 | The oldest surviving grandson of al-Musta'li, he became regent following al-Amir's death, and claimed the caliphate following the murder of Kutayfat. His irregular succession caused the split of Musta'li Isma'ilism into Hafizi and Tayyibi branches. His reign was relatively peaceful abroad, but turbulent domestically, as he had to confront over-mighty viziers and even the ambitions of his own sons. He was the last Fatimid caliph to exercise true authority over the government. | ||
| 12 | Abu Mansur أبو منصور |
Isma'il اسماعیل |
Al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah الظافر بأمر الله |
1149–1154 | February 1133 | March 1154 | His rule marks the beginning of the end for the Fatimid state: from then on the caliphs were underage youths, sidelined and mere puppets | [12] | |
| 13 | Abu'l-Qasim ابو القاسم |
Isa عيسى |
al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah الفائز بيناصر الله |
1154–1160 | 1149 | 23 July 1160 | Raised to the throne at the age of five after the murder of his father by the vizier Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh, and spent his entire life as a puppet of Abbas' successor, Tala'i ibn Ruzzik. Experiencing epileptic seizures, al-Fa'iz died from an episode at the age of eleven, and his nephew, al-Adid, the final Fatimid caliph, succeeded him. | ||
| 14 | Abu Muhammad أبو محمد |
Abdallah عبدالله |
al-Adid li-Din Allah العاضد لدين الله |
1160–1171 | 16 May 1151 | 13 September 1171 | Al-Adid, a child ruler, became a puppet of powerful figures as the Fatimid Caliphate crumbled. Saladin took control, dismantled the regime, and suppressed Isma'ilism. | ||
Family tree of Fatimid caliphs
[edit ]Main articles: Fatimid dynasty and Detailed Fatimid dynasty family trees
| Historical Arab states and dynasties |
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Ancient Arab states Kingdom of Qedar 800 BC–300 BC Kingdom of Lihyan 600 BC–100 BC Nabataean Kingdom 400 BC–106 AD Kingdom of Osroene 132 BC–244 AD Emesene Dynasty 64 BC–300s AD Kingdom of Hatra 100s–241 AD Tanukhids 196–1100 AD Ghassanids 220–638 AD Salihids 300s–500s AD Lakhmids 300s–602 AD Kingdom of Kinda 450 AD–550 AD |
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Eastern dynasties Emirate of Armenia 654–884 Emirate of Tbilisi 736–1122 Emirate of Crete 824–961 Dulafids 840–897 Habbarids 854–1011 Kaysites 860–964 Shirvanshah 861–1538 Alavids 864–928 Hashimids 869–1075 Hamdanids 890–1004 Rawadids 955–1071 Mazyadids 961–1150 Jarrahids 970–1107 Uqaylids 990–1096 Numayrids 990–1081 Mirdasids 1024–1080 Munqidhites 1025–1157 Ma'nids 1517–1697 Turabays 1480–1677 Harfushs 1517–1865 Shihabs 1697–1842 |
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Western dynasties and caliphates Salihids 710–1019 Fihrid Emirate 745-757 Umayyad state of Córdoba 756–1031 Muhallabids 771–793 Idrisids 788–974 Aghlabids 800–909 Sulaymanids 814–922 Muslim Sicily 831–1091 Kanzids 1004–1412 Bakrids 1012–1051 Tujibids 1013–1039 Amirids 1020–1086 Abbadids 1023–1091 Yahsubids 1023–1062 Hammudids 1026–1057 Muzaynids 1027–1063 Jawharids 1031–1091 Hudids 1039–1110 Sumadihids 1041–1091 Tahirids 1049–1078 Nasrids 1230–1492 Saadids 1554–1659 Senussids 1837–1969 |
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Arabian Peninsula Imamate of Oman 751–1970 Ziyadids 819–1138 Yufirids 847–997 Ukhaidhirds 865–1066 Rassids 897–1962 Qarmatians 899–1077 Wajihids 926–965 Sharifate of Mecca 968–1925 Sulayhids 1047–1138 Sulaymanids 1063–1174 Uyunids 1076–1253 Zurayids 1083–1174 Nabhanids 1154–1624 Mahdids 1159–1174 Rasulids 1229–1454 Usfurids 1253–1320 Jarwanids 1305–1487 Kathirids 1395–1967 Tahirids 1454–1526 Jabrids 1463–1521 Kingdom of Khaza'il 1534–1921 Qasimids 1597–1872 Ya'arubids 1624–1742 Upper Yafa 1800–1967 Muscat and Oman 1820–1970 Rashidids 1836–1921 Qu'aitids 1858–1967 Emirate of Beihan 1903–1967 Idrisids 1906–1934 Mutawakkilite Kingdom 1926–1970 |
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East Africa Makhzumi dynasty (Shewa) 896–1279 Nabahani dynasty (Pate Island) 1203–1894 Mahdali dynasty (Kilwa) 1277–1495 Mazrui dynasty (Mombasa) 1746–1828 Sultanate of Zanzibar 1856–1964 Nabahani dynasty (Wituland) 1858–1895 Tippu Tip's State 1860–1887 |
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Current monarchies Al Qasimi (Ras al Khaymah) 1727–present Al Saud (Saudi Arabia) 1744–present Al Mualla (Umm al-Quwain) 1775–present Al Khalifa (Bahrain) 1783–present Al Maktoum (Dubai) 1833–present Hashemites (Jordan) 1921–present |
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Family tree of the Fatimid dynasty
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|---|
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Abu Mansur Nizar § Abu Abdallah Abdallah Isma'il Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad Other children Abu'l-Qasim Ahmad
al-Musta'li bi'llah (r. 1094–1101) al-Husayn Nizari imams
(claimed descent) Abu'l-Maymun Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz li-Din Allah (r. 1132–1149) Abu Ali Mansur al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (r. 1101–1130) Ja'far Other children Sulayman § Haydara § Hasan § Abu Mansur Isma'il
al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah (r. 1149–1154) Yusuf Other children Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib § Abu'l-Qasim Isa
al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah (r. 1154–1160) Abu Muhammad Abdallah al-Adid li-Din Allah (r. 1160–1171) Tayyibi hidden imams (claimed descent) § denotes designated heirs who did not accede to the throne
denotes ruling Fatimid caliphs (with regnal names in bold and regnal dates) |
See also
[edit ]
Notes
[edit ]References
[edit ]- ^ Canard, Marius (1960). "al-ʿAzīz Biʾllāh". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 823–825. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0953. OCLC 495469456.
- ^ Hitti, Philip K. (2002). A Short History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present (Revised 10 ed.). Macmillan Education UK. ISBN 0333631420.
- ^ O'Leary, De Lacy (1923). A Short History of the Fatamid Caliphate. p. 193.
- ^ "MÜSTA'LÎ-BİLLÂH el-FÂTIMÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish).
- ^ "MUSTANSIR BILLAH I (427-487/1036-1095), 18TH IMAM". ismaili.net. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "MÜSTA'LÎ-BİLLÂH el-FÂTIMÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish).
- ^ "MUSTANSIR BILLAH I (427-487/1036-1095), 18TH IMAM". ismaili.net. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "MÜSTA'LÎ-BİLLÂH el-FÂTIMÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish).
- ^ "MUSTANSIR BILLAH I (427-487/1036-1095), 18TH IMAM". ismaili.net. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ "MÜSTA'LÎ-BİLLÂH el-FÂTIMÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish).
- ^ "MUSTANSIR BILLAH I (427-487/1036-1095), 18TH IMAM". ismaili.net. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ Daftary, Farhad (2011). The Ismā'īlīs: Their History and Doctrines (2. ed., repr. with corr ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 250–252. ISBN 978-0-521-61636-2.
