Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit
The Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit (LARU) is an early model of closed circuit oxygen rebreather used by military frogmen. Christian J. Lambertsen designed a series of them in the US in 1940 (patent filing date: 16 Dec 1940) and in 1944 (issue date: 2 May 1944).[1]
Etymology
[edit ]The LARU is what the initials SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) originally meant; Lambertsen changed his invention's name to SCUBA in 1952;[2] but later "SCUBA", gradually changing to "scuba", came to mean (first in the USA) any self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. (Modern diving regulator technology was invented by Émile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1943 and was not related to rebreathers; nowadays the word SCUBA is largely used to mean Gagnan's and Cousteau's invention and its derivatives.)
History
[edit ]Lambertsen designed the LARU while a medical student and demonstrated the LARU to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) (after already being rejected by the U.S. Navy) in a pool at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington D.C. in 1942[3] [4] The OSS "Operational Swimmer Group" was formed and Lambertsen's responsibilities included training and developing methods of combining self-contained diving and swimmer delivery including the LARU.[5] [6]
Design
[edit ]- Two large lengthways backpack mounted cylinders under a hard metal cover: the right cylinder is high pressure oxygen and the left is the cylindrical absorbent canister.
- Fullface mask with two small viewports like an old-type gasmask
- Two counterlungs, one on each shoulder.
- A breathing conduit of 4 lengths of large-bore corrugated breathing tubes in a loop: from the mask to one of the breathing bags to the canister to the other breathing bag to the mask.
- Its harness is a strong cloth jacket that enclosed the diver's chest.
- Mid front, a long zipped pocket: the diagrams do not show whether it was for kit or for diving weights.
Many diving rebreathers are descended from it. However, there were earlier underwater uses of rebreathers:
- Davis Escape Set for use in emergency by submariners from 1927 onwards
- Siebe Gorman Salvus invented in the 1900s and first used in mines and by firemen
- The rebreathers used by the Italian Decima Flottiglia MAS frogmen in World War II
- Rebreathers used by British frogmen and divers in World War II and led to the 1950s Siebe Gorman CDBA used by the British
See also
[edit ]- Rebreather – Portable apparatus to recycle breathing gas
References
[edit ]- ^ Lambertsen's patent in Google Patents [dead link ]
- ^ See Lambertsen's homage by the Passedaway.com website
- ^ Shapiro, T. Rees (February 19, 2011). "Christian J. Lambertsen, OSS officer who created early scuba device, dies at 93". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013年05月16日.
- ^ staff (2013年10月30日). "'America's first frogman' dies in Bend at 95". KTVZ. Archived from the original on 2013年11月03日. Retrieved 2013年11月02日.
- ^ Vann RD (2004). "Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology". Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 (1): 21–31. PMID 15233157. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved 2013年05月16日.
- ^ Butler FK (2004). "Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy". Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 (1): 3–20. PMID 15233156. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved 2013年05月16日.
External links
[edit ]- A long biography about him, and about the rebreather that he designed
- Images of his rebreather
- Image of Lambertsen rebreather's fullface mask, 1944, with eyeholes
- Front view of frogman swimming with Lambertsen rebreather, 1944
- Lambertsen rebreather with mouthpiece on neck strap, and eyes-and-nose mask, 1944
- Underwater Demolition Team Operations U.S. Navy video demonstrating the Lambertsen rebreather National Archives #76869
