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LXC

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Operating system-level virtualization for Linux
For other uses, see LXC (disambiguation).
Linux Containers
Developers
  • Kernel: Virtuozzo, IBM, Google, Eric Biederman and others
  • Userspace: Daniel Lezcano, Serge Hallyn, Stéphane Graber and others
ReleaseAugust6, 2008;17 years ago(2008年08月06日)[1]
Stable release
6.0.6[2] Edit this on Wikidata / 27 February 2026;5 months ago(27 February 2026)
Written inC, Shell
Operating system Linux
Platform x86, IA-64, PowerPC, SPARC, Itanium, ARM
Type OS-level virtualization
License GNU LGPL v.2.1 (some components under GNU GPL v2 and BSD)
Websitelinuxcontainers.org Edit this on Wikidata
Repository

Linux Containers (LXC) is an operating system-level virtualization method for running multiple isolated Linux systems (containers) on a control host using a single Linux kernel.

The Linux kernel provides the cgroups functionality that allows limitation and prioritization of resources (CPU, memory, block I/O, network, etc.) without the need for starting any virtual machines, and also the namespace isolation functionality that allows complete isolation of an application's view of the operating environment, including process trees, networking, user IDs and mounted file systems.[3]

LXC combines the kernel's cgroups and support for isolated namespaces to provide an isolated environment for applications.[4] Early versions of Docker used LXC as the container execution driver,[4] though LXC was replaced as the default in version 0.9.0[5] [6] and was deprecated in 1.8.0,[7] before the driver was removed in 1.10.0.[8]

Overview

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LXC was initially developed by IBM, as part of a collaboration between several parties looking to add namespaces to the kernel.[9] It provides operating system-level virtualization through a virtual environment that has its own process and network space, instead of creating a full-fledged virtual machine. LXC relies on the Linux kernel cgroups functionality[10] that was released in version 2.6.24. It also relies on other kinds of namespace isolation functionality, which were developed and integrated into the mainline Linux kernel.

Security

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Originally, LXC containers were not as secure as other OS-level virtualization methods such as OpenVZ: in Linux kernels before 3.8, the root user of the guest system could run arbitrary code on the host system with root privileges, just as they can in chroot jails.[11] Starting with the LXC 1.0 release, it is possible to run containers as regular users on the host using "unprivileged containers".[12] Unprivileged containers are more limited in that they cannot access hardware directly. However, even privileged containers should provide adequate isolation in the LXC 1.0 security model, if properly configured.[12]

Alternatives

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LXC is similar to other OS-level virtualization technologies on Linux such as OpenVZ and Linux-VServer, as well as those on other operating systems such as FreeBSD jails, AIX Workload Partitions and Solaris Containers. In contrast to OpenVZ, LXC works in the vanilla Linux kernel requiring no additional patches to be applied to the kernel sources. Version 1 of LXC, which was released on 20 February 2014 as a long-term supported version, was supported for five years.[13] Version 4.0 of LXC 4.0 was supported until June 1, 2025 and LXC 5.0 will be until June 1, 2027.[14]

LXD

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LXD is an alternative Linux container manager, written in Go. It is built on top of LXC and aims to provide a better user experience.[15] It is a container hypervisor providing an API to manage LXC containers.[16] The LXD project was started in 2015 and was sponsored from the start by Canonical Ltd., the company behind Ubuntu. On 4 July 2023, the LinuxContainers project announced that Canonical had decided to take over the LXD project but a fork called Incus had been created.[17] [18] On August 25, 2023, LXD version 5.17 was officially released under the control of Canonical, providing support for OpenZFS 2.2 delegation capabilities.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "Downloads". Linux containers. Archived from the original on 2014年11月10日. Retrieved 2014年11月10日.
  2. ↑ "LXC 6.0.6 LTS". 27 February 2026. Retrieved 27 February 2026.
  3. ↑ Rami Rosen (May 2013). "Resource management: Linux kernel namespaces and cgroups" (PDF). CS. UCSB. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  4. 1 2 Kenlon, Seth (2020年01月30日). "Exploring simple Linux containers with lxc". Red Hat . IBM. Retrieved 2023年07月05日.
  5. ↑ "Docker 0.9: introducing execution drivers and libcontainer". Blog. Docker. 2014年03月10日. Retrieved 2018年05月09日.
  6. ↑ "0.9.0". Docker Engine prior releases. Docker. 2014年03月10日. Retrieved 2025年11月27日.
  7. ↑ "1.8.0". Docker Engine prior releases. Docker. 2015年08月11日. Retrieved 2025年11月27日.
  8. ↑ "1.10.0". Engine release notes. Docker. 2016年02月04日. Retrieved 2020年10月06日.
  9. ↑ Webb, Jordan (2022年09月13日). "LXC and LXD: a different container story". LWN.net . Retrieved 2023年07月05日.
  10. ↑ Koutoupis, Petros (2018年08月27日). "Everything You Need to Know about Linux Containers, Part II: Working with Linux Containers (LXC)". Linux Journal . Retrieved 2023年07月05日.
  11. ↑ Marco, d'Itri (2011). "Evading from linux containers". BOFH. IT. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  12. 1 2 Graber, Stéphane (1 January 2014). "LXC 1.0: Security features [6/10]" . Retrieved 12 February 2014. However, at least in Ubuntu, our default containers ship with what we think is a pretty good configuration of both the cgroup access and an extensive apparmor profile which prevents all attacks that we are aware of. [...] LXC is no longer running as root so even if an attacker manages to escape the container, he'd find himself having the privileges of a regular user on the host
  13. ↑ Graber, Stéphane (2013年12月20日). "LXC 1.0: Your first Ubuntu container". St. Graber. Retrieved 2014年02月23日.
  14. ↑ "LXC". Linux containers. Retrieved 2023年02月07日.
  15. ↑ "Introduction". LXD. Linux Containers. Retrieved 2020年04月14日.
  16. ↑ Parrott, Thomas. "Introduction to LXD projects". Ubuntu. Canonical. Retrieved 2023年07月05日.
  17. ↑ "LXD Has been moved to Canonical". Linux Containers. 2023年07月04日. Archived from the original on 2023年07月04日. Retrieved 2023年07月05日.
  18. ↑ Rudra, Sourav (2023年07月05日). "The LXD Project Finds a New Home at Canonical". It’s Foss. Retrieved 2023年07月05日.
  19. ↑ Parrott, Thomas (25 August 2023). "LXD 5.17 has been released". Ubuntu. Canonical.
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