Hantu (supernatural creature)
Hantu is the Malay and Indonesian word for spirit or ghost.[1] In modern usage it generally means spirits of the dead but has also come to refer to any legendary invisible being, such as demons.[2] In its traditional context the term also referred to animistic nature spirits or ancestral souls.[3] The word is derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qanitu and Proto-Austronesian *qaNiCu. Cognates in other Austronesian languages include the Micronesian aniti, Lio language nitu, Yami anito, Taivoan alid, Seediq and Atayal utux, Bunun hanitu or hanidu, Polynesian aitu or atua , and Tsou hicu among the Formosan languages.[4] [5] In terms of concept and place in traditional folklore, it is most similar to the Filipino anito.
Types
[edit ]Aside from generic spirits of the dead, there exist various forms of Hantu including both the benign and malevolent.
- Hantu Air: spirit inhabiting the water
- Hantu Beruk: ape demon[6]
- Hantu Belian: tiger spirit[6]
- Hantu Musang: a civet cat spirit that is invoked in a game of possession [7]
- Hantu Pusaka: grave demon[8]
- Hantu Raya: great demon.[6] This hantu is considered the strongest among evil spirits of the jungles of Malaysia, and takes the appearance of its owner.[9]
- Hantu Rimba: deep-forest demon[6]
- Hantu Tinggi: tall hantu that is associated with trees[10]
See also
[edit ]References
[edit ]- ^ Linguistik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 45. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ Knappert, Jan (1992). Pacific Mythology: An Encyclopedia of Myth and Legend. Aquarian Press. p. 61. ISBN 9781855381339 . Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ Bane, Theresa (2012). Encyclopedia of Demons in World Religions and Cultures. McFarland. p. 162. ISBN 9780786488940 . Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ Julian Baldick, ed. (2013). Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World: From Australasia to Taiwan. I.B.Tauris. p. 3. ISBN 9780857733573.
- ^ Leberecht Funk (2014). "Entanglements between Tao People and Anito on Lanyu Island, Taiwan". In Y. Musharbash & G.H. Presterudstuen (ed.). Monster Anthropology in Australasia and Beyond. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 143–159. doi:10.1057/9781137448651_9. ISBN 9781137448651.
- ^ a b c d Skeat, Walter William (1965). Malay Magic: An Introduction To The Folklore And Popular Religion Of The Malay Peninsula. Psychology Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780714620268 . Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ Brewster, Paul G. (1 January 1958). "The Malayan Hantu Musang and Other Possession Games of Indonesia and Indochina". Oriens. 11 (1/2): 162–176. doi:10.2307/1578932. JSTOR 1578932.
- ^ Daniels, Kimberly (2013). The Demon Dictionary. Charisma Media. p. 151. ISBN 9781621363002 . Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ Tajudin, Haji Zain; Lyman, Thomas A. "The Hantu Raya: a Malay Demon" (PDF). The Siamese Heritage Protection Program. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ McHugh, James Noel (1959). Hantu Hantu: An Account of Ghost Belief in Modern Malaya. D. Moore. p. 123. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
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