Generalized forces

In analytical mechanics (particularly Lagrangian mechanics), generalized forces are conjugate to generalized coordinates. They are obtained from the applied forces F_i, i = 1, ..., n, acting on a system that has its configuration defined in terms of generalized coordinates. In the formulation of virtual work, each generalized force is the coefficient of the variation of a generalized coordinate.

Generalized forces can be obtained from the computation of the virtual work, δW, of the applied forces.^{[1] : 265}

The virtual work of the forces, F_i, acting on the particles P_i, i = 1, ..., n, is given by $${\displaystyle \delta W=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot \delta \mathbf {r} _{i}}$${\displaystyle \delta W=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot \delta \mathbf {r} _{i}} where δr_i is the virtual displacement of the particle P_i.

Let the position vectors of each of the particles, r_i, be a function of the generalized coordinates, q_j, j = 1, ..., m. Then the virtual displacements δr_i are given by $${\displaystyle \delta \mathbf {r} _{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{j}}}\delta q_{j},\quad i=1,\ldots ,n,}$${\displaystyle \delta \mathbf {r} _{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{j}}}\delta q_{j},\quad i=1,\ldots ,n,} where δq_j is the virtual displacement of the generalized coordinate q_j.

The virtual work for the system of particles becomes $${\displaystyle \delta W=\mathbf {F} _{1}\cdot \sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{1}}{\partial q_{j}}}\delta q_{j}+\dots +\mathbf {F} _{n}\cdot \sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{n}}{\partial q_{j}}}\delta q_{j}.}$${\displaystyle \delta W=\mathbf {F} _{1}\cdot \sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{1}}{\partial q_{j}}}\delta q_{j}+\dots +\mathbf {F} _{n}\cdot \sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{n}}{\partial q_{j}}}\delta q_{j}.} Collect the coefficients of δq_j so that $${\displaystyle \delta W=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{1}}}\delta q_{1}+\dots +\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{m}}}\delta q_{m}.}$${\displaystyle \delta W=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{1}}}\delta q_{1}+\dots +\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{m}}}\delta q_{m}.}

The virtual work of a system of particles can be written in the form $${\displaystyle \delta W=Q_{1}\delta q_{1}+\dots +Q_{m}\delta q_{m},}$${\displaystyle \delta W=Q_{1}\delta q_{1}+\dots +Q_{m}\delta q_{m},} where $${\displaystyle Q_{j}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{j}}},\quad j=1,\ldots ,m,}$${\displaystyle Q_{j}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{j}}},\quad j=1,\ldots ,m,} are called the generalized forces associated with the generalized coordinates q_j, j = 1, ..., m.

In the application of the principle of virtual work it is often convenient to obtain virtual displacements from the velocities of the system. For the n particle system, let the velocity of each particle P_i be V_i, then the virtual displacement δr_i can also be written in the form^[2] $${\displaystyle \delta \mathbf {r} _{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {V} _{i}}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{j}}}\delta q_{j},\quad i=1,\ldots ,n.}$${\displaystyle \delta \mathbf {r} _{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {V} _{i}}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{j}}}\delta q_{j},\quad i=1,\ldots ,n.}

This means that the generalized force, Q_j, can also be determined as $${\displaystyle Q_{j}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {V} _{i}}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{j}}},\quad j=1,\ldots ,m.}$${\displaystyle Q_{j}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {V} _{i}}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{j}}},\quad j=1,\ldots ,m.}

D'Alembert formulated the dynamics of a particle as the equilibrium of the applied forces with an inertia force (apparent force), called D'Alembert's principle. The inertia force of a particle, P_i, of mass m_i is $${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{i}^{*}=-m_{i}\mathbf {A} _{i},\quad i=1,\ldots ,n,}$${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{i}^{*}=-m_{i}\mathbf {A} _{i},\quad i=1,\ldots ,n,} where A_i is the acceleration of the particle.

If the configuration of the particle system depends on the generalized coordinates q_j, j = 1, ..., m, then the generalized inertia force is given by $${\displaystyle Q_{j}^{*}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}^{*}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {V} _{i}}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{j}}},\quad j=1,\ldots ,m.}$${\displaystyle Q_{j}^{*}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}^{*}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {V} _{i}}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{j}}},\quad j=1,\ldots ,m.}

D'Alembert's form of the principle of virtual work yields $${\displaystyle \delta W=(Q_{1}+Q_{1}^{*})\delta q_{1}+\dots +(Q_{m}+Q_{m}^{*})\delta q_{m}.}$${\displaystyle \delta W=(Q_{1}+Q_{1}^{*})\delta q_{1}+\dots +(Q_{m}+Q_{m}^{*})\delta q_{m}.}

• Lagrangian mechanics
• Generalized coordinates
• Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
• Virtual work

• Mechanical quantities
• Classical mechanics
• Lagrangian mechanics

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