Jump to content
Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia

Federation of Arab Republics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Confederation of Libya, Egypt and Syria (1972–1977)
Not to be confused with Federation of Arab Emirates.
This article is about the union of Egypt, Syria, and Libya. For the 1958-1961 union of Egypt and Syria, see United Arab Republic. For the 1974 union of Tunisia and Libya, see Arab Islamic Republic.
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (April 2010) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
  • View a machine-translated version of the German article.
  • Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
  • Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
  • You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Föderation Arabischer Republiken]]; see its history for attribution.
  • You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Föderation Arabischer Republiken}} to the talk page.
  • For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (September 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
  • View a machine-translated version of the Russian article.
  • Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
  • Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
  • You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Федерация Арабских Республик]]; see its history for attribution.
  • You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Федерация Арабских Республик}} to the talk page.
  • For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Federation of Arab Republics
إتحاد الجمهوريات العربية (Arabic)
Ittiḥād al-Jumhūrīyāt al-'Arabīyah
1972–1977
Anthem: "Walla Zaman Ya Selahy"
(English: "Oh For Ages! My Weapon!")
(by Egypt and Libya)
Humat ad-Diyar
(English: "Guardians of the Homeland")
(by Syria)
The Federation of Arab Republics in 1972.
The Federation of Arab Republics in 1972.
CapitalCairo (Egypt)
Tripoli (Libya)
Damascus (Syria)
Common languagesArabic
GovernmentFederal Republic under a confederation
LegislatureFederal National Assembly
Historical eraArab Cold War
• Referendums held
1 September 1971
• Federation established
1 January 1972
• Disestablished
19 November 1977
Area
• Total
2,895,128 km2 (1,117,815 sq mi)
Currency
Preceded by Succeeded by
Arab Republic of Egypt
Libyan Arab Republic
Syrian Arab Republic
Arab Republic of Egypt
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Syrian Arab Republic
Today part of
Part of a series on the
Arab world

The Federation of Arab Republics (FAR; Arabic: إتحاد الجمهوريات العربية, Ittiḥād al-Jumhūrīyāt al-'Arabīyah, lit. 'Union of Arab Republics') was an unsuccessful attempt by Muammar Gaddafi to merge Libya, Egypt and Syria in order to create a unified Arab state. Although approved by a referendum in each country on 1 September 1971,[1] the three countries disagreed on the specific terms of the merger. The federation lasted from 1 January 1972 to 19 November 1977.

History

[edit ]

In 1969, Arab nationalist military officers seized power in Libya. The ideological influence of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over the new Libyan government was immediately apparent.[2] The administration was immediately recognized by the Arab nationalist governments in Egypt, Iraq, Sudan and Syria [3] with Egypt sending experts to aid Libya's inexperienced government.[4] Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.[5]

After Nasser's death in September 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation. It was implemented in April 1971 which enabled Egypt, Syria and Sudan to get large grants of Libyan oil money.[6] In September 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.[7] In October 1973 Egypt and Syria, without consulting Libya, launched a coordinated attack on Israel, initiating the October war.[8] Sadat agreed to open negotiations with Israel, seeking the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for a guarantee to not engage in further attacks on the country.[9] Gaddafi was angered by the war's limited objectives and the ceasefire, and accused Sadat of cowardice, undermining the FAR,[10] and betraying the Arab cause.[11] Sadat responded by revealing he had intervened earlier that year to prevent Libya from sinking a civilian passenger ship carrying Jewish tourists in the Mediterranean Sea. Thereafter Egyptian–Libyan relations were marked by frequent accusations against each country's leaders, and further discussions regarding the pursuit of unity were abandoned.[12]

Referendums

[edit ]

Three simultaneous referendums on the Federation of Arab Republics were held on 1 September 1971, in Egypt, Libya and Syria.[1] In the Egyptian referendum the proposal was approved by 99.96% of voters,[13] in the Libyan referendum it was approved by 98.6% of voters,[14] whilst in Syria 96.4% voted in favour.[15]

Other Federations of Arab Republics

[edit ]
This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
  • Federation of Egypt, Libya and Sudan (1969/70–1971)
  • Federation of Egypt, Libya and Syria (1971/72–1974/77)
  • Union between Egypt and Libya within the Federation (1972–1973/74)
  • Union between Egypt and Syria within the Federation (1976–1977)
  • Federation comprising Egypt, Sudan and Syria (1977)

Symbols of member states

[edit ]

Flags

[edit ]

Coats of arms

[edit ]

Maps

[edit ]

See also

[edit ]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federation of Arab Republics .

References

[edit ]

Citations

[edit ]
  1. ^ a b Nohlen, Krennerich & Thibaut 1999, p. 336.
  2. ^ Vandewalle 2008, p. 9; St. John 2012, p. 137.
  3. ^ Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 60; Kawczynski 2011, p. 18.
  4. ^ Blundy & Lycett 1987, pp. 62–63; Kawczynski 2011, p. 18.
  5. ^ Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 75; Kawczynski 2011, p. 65; St. John 2012, p. 186.
  6. ^ Harris 1986, p. 87; Kawczynski 2011, p. 65; St. John 2012, pp. 151–152.
  7. ^ Kawczynski 2011, p. 66; St. John 2012, p. 182.
  8. ^ Metz 1989, p. 52.
  9. ^ Pollack 2004, pp. 131–132.
  10. ^ Metz 1989, p. 53.
  11. ^ Pollack 2004, p. 132.
  12. ^ Metz 1989, pp. 52–53.
  13. ^ Nohlen, Krennerich & Thibaut 1999, p. 340.
  14. ^ Nohlen, Krennerich & Thibaut 1999, p. 528.
  15. ^ Müller, Beat (8 October 2018). "Syria, September 1, 1971 : Formation of the Federation of Arab Republics". Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy (in German). Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.

Sources

[edit ]
Ideology
History
Concepts
Personalities
Organizations
Literature
Symbolism
Related topics

AltStyle によって変換されたページ (->オリジナル) /