Close-in weapon system
A close-in weapon system (CIWS /ˈsiːwɪz/ SEE-wiz)[1] is a point-defense weapon system for detecting and destroying short-range incoming missiles and enemy aircraft which have penetrated the outer defenses, typically mounted on a naval ship. Nearly all classes of larger modern warships are equipped with some kind of CIWS device.
There are two types of CIWS systems. A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers, and rapid-firing multiple-barrel rotary cannons placed on a rotating turret. Missile-based CIWSs use either infra-red, passive radar/ESM, or semi-active radar terminal guidance to guide missiles to the targeted enemy aircraft or other threats. In some cases, CIWS are used on land to protect military bases. In this case, the CIWS can also protect the base from shell and rocket fire.
Gun systems
[edit ]
A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers and rotary or revolver cannon placed on a rotating, automatically aimed gun mount. Examples of gun-based CIWS products in operation are:
- AK-630, 630M, 306, 630M1-2, and 630M2 - ×ばつ165mm caliber
- Aselsan GOKDENIZ and GOKDENIZ ER - ×ばつ228mm
- DARDO and Fast Forty - ×ばつ365mmR
- Denel 35mm Dual Purpose Gun - ×ばつ228mm
- Goalkeeper CIWS - ×ばつ173mm
- Kashtan CIWS and M variant - ×ばつ165mm
- Mauser BK-27 - ×ばつ145mm
- Meroka CIWS - ×ばつ128mm
- Myriad CIWS - ×ばつ184mm
- PIT-Radwar OSU-35K - ×ばつ228mm
- Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun [2] [3] - ×ばつ228mm
- Rheinmetall Sea Snake 30 mm - ×ばつ173mm
- Phalanx CIWS Block 0, 1, 1A, and 1B - ×ばつ102mm
- Sea Zenith - ×ばつ184mm
- H/PJ-76A - ×ばつ240mm
- Type 730 and Type 1130 CIWS - ×ばつ165mm
- Pantsir-M - ×ばつ165mm
Limitations of gun systems
[edit ]Short range: the maximum effective range of gun systems is about 5,000 metres (16,000 ft); systems with lighter projectiles have even shorter range. The expected real-world kill-distance of an incoming anti-ship missile is about 500 m (1,600 ft) or less,[4] still close enough to cause damage to the ship's sensor or communication arrays, or to wound or kill exposed personnel. Thus some CIWS like Russian Kashtan and Pantsir systems are augmented by installing the close range surface-to-air missiles on the same mounting for increased tactical flexibility.
Limited kill probability: even if the missile is hit and damaged, this may not be enough to destroy it entirely or to alter its course. Even in the case of a direct hit, the missile or fragments from it may still impact the intended target, particularly if the final interception distance is short. This is especially true if the gun fires kinetic-energy-only projectiles.[5]
Comparison table
[edit ]| DARDO [6] | Goalkeeper | Kashtan [7] | Millennium [citation needed ] | Phalanx [8] | Type 730 [9] | Gökdeniz [10] [11] | OSU-35K | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Italy | Netherlands | Russia | Switzerland | United States | China | Turkey | Poland |
| Image | ||||||||
| Weight | 5,500 kg (12,100 lb) | 9,902 kg (21,830 lb) | 15,500 kg (34,200 lb) | 3,300 kg (7,300 lb) | 6,200 kg (13,700 lb) | 9,800 kg (21,600 lb) | ? | 3,300 kg (7,300 lb) |
| Armament | 40 mm (1.6 in) 2 barreled Bofors 40 mm | 30 mm (1.2 in) 7 barreled GAU-8 Gatling Gun | x2 30 mm (1.2 in) 6 barreled GSh-6-30 rotary auto cannon
8 ×ばつ 9M311K + 32 missiles |
35 mm (1.4 in) 1 barreled Oerlikon Millennium 35 mm Naval Revolver Gun System | 20 mm (0.79 in) 6 barreled M61 Vulcan Gatling Gun | 30 mm (1.2 in) 7 barreled Gatling Gun | 35 mm (1.4 in) 2 barreled Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon | 35 mm (1.4 in) 1 barreled Oerlikon KDA autocannon |
| Rate of fire | 600/900 rounds per minute | 4,200 rounds per minute | 10,000 rounds per minute (5,000 per gun)
1–2 (salvo) missiles per 3–4 sec |
200/1000 rounds per minute | 4,500 rounds per minute | 5,800 rounds per minute | 1,100 rounds per minute (550 per gun) | 550 rounds per minute |
| (effective/ flat-trajectory) Range | 4,000 m (13,000 ft) | 3,500 m (11,500 ft) | Missiles: 1,500–10,000 m (4,900–32,800 ft) Guns: 300–5,000 m (980–16,400 ft) |
3,500 m (11,500 ft) | 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | 3,000 m (9,800 ft) | ATOM 35mm:[12] 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) | FAPDS: 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
ABM: 3,500 m (11,500 ft) |
| Ammunition storage | 736 rounds | 1,190 rounds | 2 ×ばつ 2,000 rounds | 252 rounds | 1,550 rounds | 640 or 2 ×ばつ 500 rounds (depending on model) | ? | 2 ×ばつ 100 rounds |
| Muzzle velocity | 1,000 m (3,300 ft) per second | 1,109 m (3,638 ft) per second | 960–1100 m/s (3,150-3,610 ft/s) | 1,050 m (3,440 ft) per second / 1,175 m (3,855 ft) per second | 1,100 m (3,600 ft) per second | 1,100 m (3,600 ft) per second | 1,020 m/s (3,300 ft/s) | FAPDS: 1,440 m/s (4,700 ft/s)
ABM: 1,050 m/s (3,400 ft/s) |
| Elevation | −13 to +85 degrees | −25 to +85 degrees | ? | −15 to +85 degrees | −25 to +85 degrees | −25 to +85 degrees | ? | −10 to +85 degrees |
| Speed in elevation | 60 degrees per second | 100 degrees per second | 50 degrees per second | 70 degrees per second | 115 degrees per second | 100 degrees per second | ? | ? |
| Traverse | 360 ° | 360 ° | 360 ° | 360 ° | 360 ° | 360 ° | 360 ° | 360 ° |
| Speed in traverse | 90 degrees per second | 100 degrees per second | 70 degrees per second | 120 degrees per second | 115 degrees per second | 100 degrees per second | ? | ? |
| In service | ? | 1980 | 1989 | 2003 | 1980 | 2007 | 2019 | 2022 |
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Missile systems
[edit ]
A missile-based CIWS comprises a combination of radars and computers connected to either a rotating, automatically aimed launcher mount or vertical launching system. Examples of missile-based CIWS in operational service are:
- 9M337 Sosna-R
- HQ-10 / FL-3000N
- Pantsir-M missile system
- RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
- Sea Oryx
- Tor missile system
Land-based
[edit ]CIWS are also used on land in the form of Pantsir and C-RAM.[13] On a smaller scale, active protection systems are used in some tanks (to destroy rocket propelled grenades (RPGs), and several are in development. The Drozd system was deployed on Soviet Naval Infantry tanks in the early 1980s, but later replaced by explosive reactive armour. Other systems that are available or under development are the Russian Arena, Israeli Trophy, American Quick Kill and South African-Swedish LEDS-150.
Laser systems
[edit ]Laser-based CIWS systems are being researched. In August 2014 an operational prototype was deployed to the Persian Gulf aboard USS Ponce.[14] The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK) is the second organisation after the US to have developed and tested a High Power Laser CIWS prototype System which is intended to be used on the TF-2000 class frigate and on Turkish airborne systems.[15] [16] [17]
References
[edit ]- ^ Friedman, Norman (1991). The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapons systems, 1991/92. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870212885. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
- ^ "Archived copy - Rm-general-news-2008". Archived from the original on 2008年09月23日. Retrieved 2008年08月16日.
- ^ "Millennium, 35 mm Naval Gun System (GDM-008)". Archived from the original on 2007年09月27日. Retrieved 2007年09月27日.
- ^ Wachsberger, Christian; Lucas, Michael; Krstic, Alexander (June 2004), Limitations of Guns as a Defence against Manoeuvring Air Weapons (PDF), DSTO Systems Sciences Laboratory, p. 36, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012年03月23日, retrieved 2012年07月04日
- ^ Discovery Channel Discovery Channel Science Top 10 Weapon: Fire Power
- ^ Tony DiGiulian. "Italy 40 mm/70 (1.57") Breda". Navweaps.com. Archived from the original on 2015年01月02日. Retrieved 2013年05月18日.
- ^ "Kashtan Kashtan-M Kashtan Кортик экспортное наименование "Каштан" CADS-N-1 Palma Palash Пальма close in weapon system CIWS Russian Navy Technology datasheet pictures photos video specifications". www.navyrecognition.com. Archived from the original on 2011年10月11日. Retrieved 2020年07月10日.
- ^ Dan Petty. "The US Navy - Fact File". Navy.mil. Archived from the original on 2014年11月04日. Retrieved 2013年05月18日.
- ^ 偶军航母上的蜂窝制造者是国产11管近防炮,射速可达每分钟1万发......偶早在2009年就知道鸟 - 飞扬军事 - 信息资讯 - 军事主题 - 骑鲸蹈海. 兄弟 (in Chinese). May 18, 2011. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
- ^ "GOKDENIZ CIWS" (PDF).
- ^ "Presidency of Defence Industries". Archived from the original on 2019年11月22日. Retrieved 2022年07月08日.
- ^ "ATOM 35mm Airbusrt Ammunition".
- ^ "Home - a Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB)". Archived from the original on 2016年03月05日. Retrieved 2009年12月02日.
- ^ U.S. Navy Deploys Its First Laser Weapon in the Persian Gulf Archived 2014年11月29日 at the Wayback Machine - Bloomberg.com, 14 November 2014
- ^ Insinna, Valerie (2015年02月14日). "turkey-laser-weapon-indigenous-tubitak-test". Defensenews.com. Retrieved 2016年12月03日.
- ^ "Turkey creates laser weapon". Times.am. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2016年12月20日. Retrieved 2016年12月03日.
- ^ "Turkey aims to second US in using laser as military weapon | General | Worldbulletin News". Worldbulletin.net. 2015年01月19日. Archived from the original on 2016年12月13日. Retrieved 2016年12月03日.
