Alash (party)
Alash Алаш партиясы | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Alikhan Bukeikhanov |
| Founded | 1917 |
| Dissolved | 1920 |
| Split from | Constitutional Democratic Party |
| Headquarters | Alaş-Qala, Alash Autonomy |
| Ideology | National liberalism Constitutionalism Nationalism Anti-communism Anti-Sovietism |
| Political position | Centre to centre-right |
| Colors | White, yellow, red |
Part of a series on the |
|---|
| History of Kazakhstan |
| Emblem of Kazakhstan |
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Rouran 330–555 Turkic (Göktürks) 552–745 Karluk 665–744 Kimek 743–1220 Oghuz 750–1055 Kara-Khanid 840–1212 Qara Khitai 1124–1218 Mongol Empire 1206–1368 Golden Horde 1240s–1446 Uzbek Khanate 1428-1465 Kazakh Khanate 1465–1847 |
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Russian Turkestan 1867–1918 Governor-Generalship of the Steppes 1882–1918 Alash Autonomy 1918–1920 Kirghiz ASSR 1920–1925 Kazakh ASSR 1925–1936 Kazakh SSR 1936–1991 Republic of Kazakhstan 1991–present |
Alash (Kazakh: Алаш партиясы, Alaş partiası; Kyrgyz: Алаш партиясы, romanized: Alash partiyasy) was a political party and liberation movement in the Russian Republic and Soviet Russia, and the ruling party of Alash Autonomy on the territory of present-day Kazakhstan and Russia. They advocated for equal treatment between Kazakhs and Russians and the cessation of Russian settlement on the Kazakh lands. It was notably the first modern organized political Kazakh and Kyrgyz elite group.[1]
Alash party attempted to reinforce Kazakh identity rather than embracing Russian identities. Western secularism and ties to the Muslim world were the major dividing issues among the party intelligentsia and the Kazakh elites, through the Russian Civil War.[1]
Chairman of the party and president of the Alash Autonomy was Alikhan Bokeikhanov. Prior to the formation of Alash party, he and other notable members of the party were members of the liberal Constitutional Democratic Party,[1] which they maintained some relations with.
Alash party ceased to exist on 26 August 1920, after the Bolsheviks defeated the White Army that was occupying territory of the Alash Autonomy, and formed the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic.
Etymology
[edit ]The word "Alash" means tribesman or relative in Turkic languages, but according to some sources, Alash may be used as a synonym to "Kazakh". Qadyrgali Jalaiyr - Kazakh chronicler and politician, often used Alash as the word to replace Kazakh.
The party had plans to unite all Turkic peoples of Central Asia and create an independent state. For that they didn't want Kazakhs to be titular nation, so they decided to choose word Alash, creating a new Turkic identity between nations. However, this plan didn't work out. Kazakh politician Mustafa Shokay commented the first congresses of Alash: "Congress became a symbolic scene to show our unity, by common goal to unite great Turkic peoples".
History
[edit ]Formation and Existence of Party
[edit ]The party was founded by the former Constitutional Democratic Party members, thus making the party one of the successors of the Constitutional Democrats.
After February Revolution, Russia has weakened, and Kazakh elite used the moment to found a party. At all-Kazakh congress in Orenburg from 21 to 28 July 1917, party was organized and main questions were answered such as form of government of Russia, which they decided that Russia should become federal parliamentary republic.
Alash Party was founded in December 1917, the information of founding of party was published on Qazaq journal. Alash won elections in most of regions of Kazakhstan, de facto founding an Alash Autonomy.
Alash during Kazakh ASSR
[edit ]Alash party ceased to exist on 26 August 1920, after the Bolsheviks defeated White Army that was occupying territory of the Alash Autonomy, and formed the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. However, Kazakh elite decided to continue working to improve Kazakhstan. Some of former Alash members joined Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Former Alash members started translating textbooks for schools. During Asharshylyk, the Kazakh elites engaged in large protests against the Soviet political system, criticizing propaganda and the total ignoration of famine. They wrote two letters to the Soviet government. First "The letter of five" written on 4 July 1932, by Gabit Musirepov, Mansur Gataulin, Embergen Altynbekov, Mutash Dauletkaliev and Kadir Kuanyshev. Second "The letter to J. V. Stalin", a letter written by Turar Ryskulov to Joseph Stalin.
In the 1930s, most of elite was caught and sent to Gulags for alleged support of nationalistic ideas. Intolerable prison conditions and constant stress in prison made the detained age faster, which is visible in the last photos of them. In the period of 1935-1938 most of the Kazakh elite was shot.
Legacy
[edit ]On 4 July 2021, a monument dedicated to the Alash movement leaders Akhmet Baitursynov, Alikhan Bukeikhanov and Mirzhakip Dulatov was unveiled in Astana.[2]
See also
[edit ]References
[edit ]- ^ a b c Galick, David (29 March 2014). "Responding to the Dual Threat to Kazakhness: The Rise of Alash Orda and its Uniquely Kazakh Path". The School of Russian and Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
- ^ "Памятник лидерам Алаш Орды установили в Нур-Султане". tengrinews.kz. 4 July 2021.