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2022 Ukraine cyberattacks

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Attack on Ukrainian government and websites

Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website defaced by hackers

During the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, multiple cyberattacks against Ukraine were recorded, as well as some attacks on Russia. The first major cyberattack took place on 14 January 2022, and took down more than a dozen of Ukraine's government websites.[1] According to Ukrainian officials, around 70 government websites, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Cabinet of Ministers and the National Security and Defense Council (NSDC), were attacked. Most of the sites were restored within hours of the attack.[2] On 15 February, another cyberattack took down multiple government and bank services.[3] [4]

On 24 February, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Western intelligence officials believed that this would be accompanied by a major cyberattack against Ukrainian infrastructure, but this threat did not materialize.[5] Cyberattacks on Ukraine have continued during the invasion, but with limited success. Independent hacker groups, such as Anonymous, have launched cyberattacks on Russia in retaliation for the invasion.[5] [6]

The Canadian government in an undated white paper published after 22 June 2022 believed "that the scope and severity of cyber operations related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine has almost certainly been more sophisticated and widespread than has been reported in open sources."[7]

Background

At the time of the attack, tensions between Russia and Ukraine were high, with over 100,000 Russian troops stationed near the border with Ukraine and talks between Russia and NATO ongoing.[1] The US government alleged that Russia was preparing for an invasion of Ukraine, including "sabotage activities and information operations". The US also allegedly found evidence of "a false-flag operation" in Eastern Ukraine, which could be used as a pretext for invasion.[2] Russia denies the accusations of an impending invasion, but has threatened "military-technical action" if its demands are not met, especially a request that NATO never admit Ukraine to the alliance. Russia has spoken strongly against the expansion of NATO to its borders.[2]

January attacks

The attacks on 14 January 2022 consisted of the hackers replacing the websites with text in Ukrainian, erroneous Polish and Russian, which state "be afraid and wait for the worst" and allege that personal information has been leaked to the internet.[8] About 70 government websites were affected, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Cabinet of Ministers and the Security and Defense Council.[9] The SBU has stated that no data was leaked. Soon after the message appeared, the sites were taken offline. The sites were mostly restored within a few hours.[1] Deputy secretary of the NSDC Serhiy Demedyuk, stated that the Ukrainian investigation of the attack suspects that a third-party company's administration rights were used to carry out the attack. The unnamed company's software had been used since 2016 to develop government sites, most of which were affected in the attack.[9] Demedyuk also blamed UNC1151, a hacker group allegedly linked to Belarusian intelligence, for the attack.[10]

A separate destructive malware attack took place around the same time, first appearing on 13 January. First detected by the Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC), malware was installed on devices belonging to "multiple government, non-profit, and information technology organizations" in Ukraine.[11] Later, this was reported to include the State Emergency Service and the Motor Transport Insurance Bureau.[12] The software, designated DEV-0586 or WhisperGate, was designed to look like ransomware, but lacks a recovery feature, indicating an intent to simply destroy files instead of encrypting them for ransom.[11] The MSTIC reported that the malware was programmed to execute when the targeted device was powered down. The malware would overwrite the master boot record (MBR) with a generic ransom note. Next, the malware downloads a second .exe file, which would overwrite all files with certain extensions from a predetermined list, deleting all data contained in the targeted files. The ransomware payload differs from a standard ransomware attack in several ways, indicating a solely destructive intent.[13] However, later assessments indicate that damage was limited, likely a deliberate choice by the attackers.[12]

On 19 January, the Russian advanced persistent threat (APT) Gamaredon (also known as Primitive Bear) attempted to compromise a Western government entity in Ukraine.[14] Cyber espionage appears to be the main goal of the group,[14] which has been active since 2013; unlike most APTs, Gamaredon broadly targets all users all over the globe (in addition to also focusing on certain victims, especially Ukrainian organizations[15] ) and appears to provide services for other APTs.[16] For example, the InvisiMole threat group has attacked select systems that Gamaredon had earlier compromised and fingerprinted.[15]

Reactions to January attack

Russia

Russia denied allegations by Ukraine that it was linked to the cyberattacks.[17]

Ukraine

Ukrainian government institutions, such as the Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, suggested that the Russian Federation was the perpetrator of the attack, noting that this would not be the first time that Russia attacked Ukraine.[8] [18]

International organizations

European Union High Representative Josep Borrell said of the source of the attack: "One can very well imagine with a certain probability or with a margin of error, where it can come from."[19] The Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg announced that the organization would increase its coordination with Ukraine on cyberdefense in the face of potential additional cyberattacks. NATO later announced that it would sign an agreement granting Ukraine access to its malware information sharing platform.[2] [8]

February attacks

DDoS attack

On 15 February, a large DDoS attack brought down the websites of the defense ministry, army and Ukraine's two largest banks, PrivatBank and Oschadbank.[3] [4] [20] Cybersecurity monitor NetBlocks reported that the attack intensified over the course of the day, also affecting the mobile apps and ATM s of the banks.[3] The New York Times described it as "the largest assault of its kind in the country's history". Ukrainian government officials stated that the attack was likely carried out by a foreign government, and suggested that Russia was behind it.[21] Although there were fears that the denial-of-service attack could be cover for more serious attacks, a Ukrainian official said that no such attack had been discovered.[12]

According to UK government [22] and National Security Council of the US, the attack was performed by Russian Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU). American cybersecurity official Anne Neuberger stated that known GRU infrastructure has been noted transmitting high volumes of communications to Ukraine-based IP addresses and domains.[23] Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov denied that the attack originated from Russia.[24]

On 23 February, a third DDoS attack took down multiple Ukrainian government, military and bank websites. Although military and banking websites were described as having "a more rapid recovery", the SBU website was offline for an extended period.[25]

Wiper malware attack

Just before 5pm on 23 February, data wiper malware was detected on hundreds of computers belonging to multiple Ukrainian organizations, including in the financial, defense, aviation and IT services sectors. ESET Research dubbed the malware HermeticWiper, named for its genuine code signing certificate from Cyprus-based company Hermetica Digital Ltd. The wiper was reportedly compiled on 28 December 2021, while Symantec reported malicious activity as early as November 2021, implying that the attack was planned months ahead of time. Symantec also reported wiper attacks against devices in Lithuania, and that some organizations were compromised months before the wiper attack. Similar to the January WhisperGate attack, ransomware is often deployed simultaneously with the wiper as a decoy, and the wiper damages the master boot record of the device.[26] [27]

A day prior to the attack, the EU had deployed a cyber rapid-response team consisting of about ten cybersecurity experts from Lithuania, Croatia, Poland, Estonia, Romania and the Netherlands. It is unknown if this team helped mitigate the effects of the cyberattack.[28]

The attack coincided with the Russian recognition of separatist regions in eastern Ukraine and the authorization of Russian troop deployments there. The US and UK blamed the attack on Russia. Russia denied the accusations and called them "Russophobic".[25]

Viasat hack

Main article: Viasat hack

The Viasat hack, which occurred between 5 a.m. and 9 a.m. EEST on 24 February,[29] might have been intended to disrupt Ukrainian military networks, which used Viasat's network to provide them communications services.[30] [31] The attack might have intended to hit "aspects of military command and control in Ukraine".[32] [33] The attack "rendered inoperable thousands of Viasat KA-SAT satellite broadband modems in Ukraine, including those used by military and other governmental agencies, causing major loss in internet communication."[30] [34] [35] [36]

In a jointly-timed communication on 10 May 2022, many western governments adduced evidence that Russia was responsible for the attack because of their invasion.[37] [38] [39] [40] [41]

Initial Ukrainian response

On February 26, the Minister of Digital Transformation of Ukraine Mykhailo Fedorov announced the creation of an IT army, which will include cyber specialists, copywriters, designers, marketers and targetologists. As a result, numerous Russian government websites and banks were attacked.[42] Dozens of issues of Russian stars and officials have been made public, and Ukrainian songs have been broadcast on some television channels, including "Prayer for Ukraine".[43] [44]

In order to defend themselves and to maintain Internet connectivity during the war, Ukrainian officials deemed a Starlink internet access in their country a potential solution.[45]

Unlike conventional satellite internet like Viasat, Starlink internet access works in a network fragmented into individual parts.[46] [47] The internet is beamed down on a specific dish having limited range giving internet access in the limited area of the dish, like a personal Internet hotspot.[47] [48] The entire system prevents Starlink from being able to be taken out a single attack by Russia.[49]

On February 26, the Ukrainian government and Ukrainian minister Mykhailo Fedorov asked Elon Musk on Twitter to provide Starlink assistance to Ukraine.[50] [51] Musk agreed, and SpaceX responded by activating country-wide service, with the first shipment of Starlink terminals arriving two days later on February 28.[50]

March attacks

Ratio of DNS queries defensively blocked by Quad9 in Ukraine and Poland, 7–9 March 2022

Beginning on 6 March, Russia began to significantly increase the frequency of its cyber-attacks against Ukrainian civilians.[52]

On 9 March alone, the Quad9 malware-blocking recursive resolver intercepted and mitigated 4.6 million attacks against computers and phones in Ukraine and Poland, at a rate more than ten times higher than the European average. Cybersecurity expert Bill Woodcock of Packet Clearing House noted that the blocked DNS queries coming from Ukraine clearly show an increase in phishing and malware attacks against Ukrainians, and noted that the Polish numbers were also higher than usual because 70%, or 1.4 million, of the Ukrainian refugees were in Poland at the time.[53] Explaining the nature of the attack, Woodcock said "Ukrainians are being targeted by a huge amount of phishing, and a lot of the malware that is getting onto their machines is trying to contact malicious command-and-control infrastructure."[52]

On March 28, RTComm.ru, a Russian Internet service provider, BGP hijacked Twitter's 104.244.42.0/24 IPv4 address block for a period of two hours and fifteen minutes.[54] [55]

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 Polityuk, Pavel; Balmforth, Tom (2022年01月14日). "'Be afraid': Ukraine hit by cyberattack as Russia moves more troops". Reuters . Archived from the original on 2022年01月14日. Retrieved 2022年01月14日.
  3. 1 2 3 "Ukraine banking and defense platforms knocked out amid heightened tensions with Russia". NetBlocks . 2022年02月15日. Archived from the original on 2022年02月24日.
  4. 1 2 "Ukraine's defence ministry and two banks targeted in cyberattack". euronews. 2022年02月15日. Archived from the original on 2022年02月23日.
  5. 1 2 "Ukraine war: Don't underestimate Russia cyber-threat, warns US". BBC News . 2022年05月11日. Archived from the original on 2022年05月13日. Retrieved 2022年05月12日.
  6. ↑ "Anonymous: How hackers are trying to undermine Putin". BBC News . 2022年03月20日. Archived from the original on 2022年05月12日. Retrieved 2022年05月12日.
  7. ↑ "Cyber Threat Activity Related to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine" (PDF). Communications Security Establishment. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024年02月02日. Retrieved 2023年05月03日.
  8. 1 2 3 Kramer, Andrew E. (2022年01月14日). "Hackers Bring Down Government Sites in Ukraine". The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022年01月15日. Retrieved 2022年01月14日.
  9. 1 2 Polityuk, Pavel (2022年01月14日). "EXCLUSIVE Hackers likely used software administration rights of third party to hit Ukrainian sites, Kyiv says". Reuters . Archived from the original on 2022年02月21日. Retrieved 2022年01月16日.
  10. ↑ Polityuk, Pavel (2022年01月16日). "EXCLUSIVE Ukraine suspects group linked to Belarus intelligence over cyberattack". Reuters . Archived from the original on 2022年02月18日. Retrieved 2022年01月16日.
  11. 1 2 "Destructive malware targeting Ukrainian organizations". Microsoft Security Blog. 2022年01月16日. Archived from the original on 2022年02月24日. Retrieved 2022年01月17日.
  12. 1 2 3 "Cyberattacks knock out sites of Ukrainian army, major banks". AP News . 2022年02月15日. Archived from the original on 2022年02月24日. Retrieved 2022年02月17日.
  13. ↑ Sanger, David E. (2022年01月16日). "Microsoft Warns of Destructive Cyberattack on Ukrainian Computer Networks". The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022年02月23日. Retrieved 2022年01月20日.
  14. 1 2 Alspach, Kyle (2022年02月04日). "Microsoft discloses new details on Russian hacker group Gamaredon". VentureBeat . Archived from the original on 2022年02月06日. Retrieved 2022年03月22日.
  15. 1 2 Osborne, Charlie (2022年03月21日). "Ukraine warns of InvisiMole attacks tied to state-sponsored Russian hackers". ZDNet . Archived from the original on 2022年03月22日. Retrieved 2022年03月22日.
  16. ↑ Mercer, Warren; Ventura, Vitor (2021年02月23日). "Gamaredon - When nation states don't pay all the bills". Cisco. Archived from the original on 2022年03月19日. Retrieved 2022年03月22日.
  17. ↑ McMillan, Robert; Volz, Dustin (2022年01月20日). "Ukraine Hacks Signal Broad Risks of Cyberwar Even as Limited Scope Confounds Experts". The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2022年02月24日. Retrieved 2022年01月26日.
  18. ↑ "News Ukraine government websites hacked in 'global attack'". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2022年01月14日. Retrieved 2022年01月14日.
  19. ↑ Brzozowski, Alexandra; Pollet, Mathieu (2022年01月14日). "EU pledges cyber support to Ukraine, pins hopes on Normandy format". euractiv.com. Archived from the original on 2022年02月01日. Retrieved 2022年01月31日.
  20. ↑ Zilbermints, Regina (2022年02月15日). "Ukraine Defense Ministry, banks hit by cyberattack amid tensions with Russia". The Hill . Archived from the original on 2022年02月24日.
  21. ↑ Hopkins, Valerie (2022年02月15日). "A hack of the Defense Ministry, army and state banks was the largest of its kind in Ukraine's history". The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022年02月17日. Retrieved 2022年02月17日.
  22. ↑ "Government response: UK assess Russian involvement in cyber attacks on Ukraine". UK government. 2022年02月18日. Archived from the original on 2022年02月25日. Retrieved 2022年02月25日.
  23. ↑ Vazquez, Maegan; Liptak, Kevin; Klein, Betsy; Fossum, Sam (2022年02月19日). "Biden says he's now convinced Putin has decided to invade Ukraine, but leaves door open for diplomacy". CNN. Archived from the original on 2022年02月19日.
  24. ↑ "Нова кібератака на банки була "найбільшою в історії України" й досі триває" (in Ukrainian). BBC News. 2022年02月16日. Archived from the original on 2022年02月24日. Retrieved 2022年02月25日.
  25. 1 2 "Cyber-attacks bring down many Ukraine websites". BBC News . 2022年02月23日. Archived from the original on 2022年02月24日. Retrieved 2022年02月24日.
  26. ↑ "HermeticWiper: New data‐wiping malware hits Ukraine". WeLiveSecurity. 2022年02月24日. Archived from the original on 2022年02月25日. Retrieved 2022年02月24日.
  27. ↑ "Ukraine: Disk-wiping Attacks Precede Russian Invasion". symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com. Archived from the original on 2022年02月25日. Retrieved 2022年02月24日.
  28. ↑ "Ukraine: EU deploys cyber rapid-response team". BBC News . 2022年02月22日. Archived from the original on 2022年02月24日. Retrieved 2022年02月24日.
  29. ↑ Satter, Raphael (2022年03月15日). "Satellite outage caused 'huge loss in communications' at war's outset -Ukrainian official". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023年09月30日. Retrieved 2024年02月06日.
  30. 1 2 Nakashima, Ellen (2022年03月24日). "Russian military behind hack of satellite communication devices in Ukraine at war's outset, U.S. officials say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2023年06月01日. Retrieved 2024年02月06日.
  31. ↑ Pearson, James; Satter, Raphael; Bing, Christopher; Schectman, Joel (2022年03月12日). "Exclusive: U.S. spy agency probes sabotage of satellite internet during Russian invasion, sources say". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023年11月27日. Retrieved 2024年02月06日.
  32. ↑ Jones, David (2022年04月01日). "Viasat network cyberattack linked to newly discovered Russian wiper". Cyber Security Dive. Archived from the original on 2024年02月06日. Retrieved 2024年02月06日.
  33. ↑ Corera, Gordon (2022年03月25日). "Russia hacked Ukrainian satellite communications, officials believe". BBC. Archived from the original on 2024年02月06日. Retrieved 2024年02月06日.
  34. ↑ Guerrero-Saade, Juan Andres (2022年03月31日). "AcidRain | A Modem Wiper Rains Down on Europe". Sentinel One. Archived from the original on 2024年01月15日. Retrieved 2024年02月06日.
  35. ↑ Bajak, Frank (2022年03月31日). "Satellite modems nexus of worst cyberattack of Ukraine war". Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2024年02月18日. Retrieved 2024年02月06日.
  36. ↑ Burgess, Matt (2022年03月23日). "A Mysterious Satellite Hack Has Victims Far Beyond Ukraine". Condé Nast. Wired. Archived from the original on 2024年01月27日. Retrieved 2023年05月03日.
  37. ↑ Antony J. Blinken: "Attribution of Russia's Malicious Cyber Activity Against Ukraine", US Department of State (10 May 2022)
  38. ↑ Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office: "UK, EU, US and allies have announced that Russia is responsible for a series of cyber-attacks since the renewed invasion of Ukraine." (10 May 2022)
  39. ↑ Council of the EU, "Russian cyber operations against Ukraine: Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union" (10 May 2022)
  40. ↑ Vicens, AJ (2022年05月10日). "UK, EU, US formally blame Russia for Viasat satellite hack before Ukraine invasion". CyberScoop. Archived from the original on 2024年01月07日. Retrieved 2023年05月03日.
  41. ↑ Manson, Katrina (2023年03月01日). "The Satellite Hack Everyone Is Finally Talking About". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2023年12月07日. Retrieved 2023年05月03日.
  42. ↑ Павлюк, Олег (2022年02月26日). "Україна створює ІТ-армію — Федоров". Суспільне | Новини (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2022年02月28日. Retrieved 2022年02月28日.
  43. ↑ Павлюк, Олег (2022年02月26日). "Хакери атакували російські сайти і, ймовірно, зламали російські телеканали". Суспільне | Новини (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2022年02月26日. Retrieved 2022年02月28日.
  44. ↑ "На каналах Росії українська музика: хакери зламали телебачення ворогів. Еспресо.Захід". zahid.espreso.tv (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2022年02月28日. Retrieved 2022年02月28日.
  45. ↑ Farrow, Ronan (2023年08月21日). "Elon Musk's Shadow Rule". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on 2023年09月16日. Retrieved 2023年09月09日.
  46. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (2022年02月28日). "Viasat believes 'cyber event' is disrupting its satellite-internet service in Ukraine". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2023年09月18日. Retrieved 2023年09月09日.
  47. 1 2 Mosley, Tonya (2023年08月23日). "Ronan Farrow says Elon Musk has become an 'arbiter' of the war in Ukraine". npr.org. Archived from the original on 2023年09月08日. Retrieved 2023年09月09日.
  48. ↑ Trofimov, Yaroslav; Maidenberg, Micah; FitzGerald, Drew (2022年07月16日). "Ukraine Leans on Elon Musk's Starlink in Fight Against Russia". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2023年09月13日. Retrieved 2023年09月09日.
  49. ↑ Mosley, Tonya (2023年08月23日). "Ronan Farrow says Elon Musk has become an 'arbiter' of the war in Ukraine". npr.org. Archived from the original on 2023年09月08日. Retrieved 2023年09月09日.
  50. ↑ "Starlink в Україні: кому доступний інтернет від SpaceX та як ним користуватися". The Village Україна. 2022年04月29日. Archived from the original on 2022年04月29日. Retrieved 2022年07月12日.
  51. 1 2 Krebs, Brian (2022年03月11日). "Recent 10x Increase in Cyberattacks on Ukraine". Krebs on Security. Archived from the original on 2022年03月13日. Retrieved 2022年03月11日. While our overall traffic dropped in Kyiv—and slightly increased in Warsaw due to infrastructure outages inside of Ukraine—the ratio of "good queries" to "blocked queries" has spiked in both cities. The spike in the blocking ratio Wednesday (March 9, 2022) afternoon in Kyiv was around 10x the normal level compared with other cities in Europe. This order-of-magnitude jump is unprecedented.
  52. ↑ "Ukraine Refugee Situation". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 2022年03月13日. Retrieved 2022年03月12日.
  53. ↑ Ullrich, Johannes. "BGP Hijacking of Twitter Prefix by RTComm.ru". ISC InfoSec. SANS. Archived from the original on 2022年03月29日. Retrieved 2022年03月28日.
  54. ↑ "Possible BGP Hijack". BGPStream. Archived from the original on 2022年03月28日. Retrieved 2022年03月28日.

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