Ḏāl

Ḏāl (ذ, also transcribed as dhāl) is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being ṯāʾ , ḫāʾ , ḍād , ẓāʾ , ġayn ). It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪙‎‎‎, and South Arabian 𐩹.

In Modern Standard Arabic it represents /ð/. In name and shape, it is a variant of dāl (د).^{[1] [2]} Its numerical value is 700 (see abjad numerals). The Arabic letter ذ is named ذَالْ ḏāl. It is written in several ways depending in its position in the word:

The South Arabian alphabet retained a symbol for ḏ, .

When representing this sound in transliteration of Arabic into Hebrew, it is written as ד׳‎.

This sound is found in English, as in the words "those" or "then". In English the sound is sometimes rendered "dh" when transliterated from foreign languages, but when it occurs in English words it is one of the pronunciations occurring for the digraph "th". Azerbaijan is the only country name in Arabic that uses this letter.

In early forms of the New Persian language and a in practice followed by its writers, who used the letter dhal (ذ) in lieu of dal (د), in the middle of a word when the dal is preceded and followed by a vowel, or when dal was in the final position and preceded by a vowel, the letter was referred to as a dotted dhal or dal-i mu'ajjam (دال معجم.^{[3] [4]}

Between and within contemporary varieties of Arabic, pronunciation of cognates with the letter ḏāl differs:

• The Gulf, Iraqi, Tunisian dialects use the Classical and Modern Standard sound of [ð].
• In Maghrebi Arabic, it is consistently pronounced as the voiced dental plosive [d̪].
• In Hejazi Arabic, it merges with /d/ or /z/ depending on the word or it is pronounced as /ð/.
• In the Mashriq (in the broad sense, including Egyptian, Sudanese and Levantine dialects), it becomes a sibilant voiced alveolar fricative [z]. Furthermore, in words fully assimilated into a Mashriq dialect, the sound has merged with /d/ (د ).

Regardless of these regional differences, the pattern of the speaker's variety of Arabic frequently intrudes into otherwise Modern Standard speech; this is widely accepted, and is the norm when speaking the mesolect known alternately as lugha wusṭā ("middling/compromise language") or ʿAmmiyyat/Dārijat al-Muṯaqqafīn ("Educated/Cultured Colloquial") used in the informal speech of educated Arabs of different countries. (cf. Arabic dialect#Formal and vernacular differences)

• Arabic phonology

• Fritz Meier: Aussprachefragen des älteren neupersisch. In: Oriens, Band 27, Nummer 70, Basel 1981. doi:10.2307/1580565, S. 103 ff.

• Arabic letters
• Urdu letters

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