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Orders of magnitude (speed)

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Comparison of a wide range of speeds

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various speed levels between approximately 2.2×ばつ10−18 m/s and 3.0×ばつ108 m/s (the speed of light). Values in bold are exact.

List of orders of magnitude for speed

[edit ]
Factor (m/s) Value (m/s) Value (km/h) Value (mph) Value (c) Item
10−18 2.2×ばつ10−18 7.8×ばつ10−18 4.9×ばつ10−18 7.3×ばつ10−27 Expansion rate between 2 points in free space 1 m apart under Hubble's law. [1]
10−14 1.4×ばつ10−14 5.0×ばつ10−14 3.1×ばつ10−14 4.7×ばつ10−23 Cave of the Crystals gypsum crystals' growth rate, the slowest directly measured normal growth rate for any crystal growth process.[2]
3.169×ばつ10−14 1.141×ばつ10−13 7.089×ばつ10−14 1.057×ばつ10−22 1 Bubnoff unit (1 μm/yr)
10−13 1×ばつ10−13 3×ばつ10−13 2×ばつ10−13 3×ばつ10−22 Rate of erosion of bedrock.[3]
10−12 4.12×ばつ10−12 1.48×ばつ10−11 9.21×ばつ10−12 1.37×ばつ10−20 Average growth rate of a limestone stalactite.
10−11 9.8×ばつ10−11 3.5×ばつ10−10 2.2×ばつ10−10 3.2×ばつ10−19 Rate of global sea level rise in 1993–2003 (3.1 mm/yr).[4]
10−10 3×ばつ10−10 to 3×ばつ10−9 1×ばつ10−9 to 1×ばつ10−8 7×ばつ10−10 to 7×ばつ10−9 1×ばつ10−18 to 1×ばつ10−17 Typical relative speed of continental drift.
10−9 1.3×ばつ10−9 4.7×ばつ10−9 2.9×ばつ10−9 4.3×ばつ10−18 Average rate of the Moon receding from the Earth (approx. 38 mm/yr).[citation needed ]
4.8×ばつ10−9 1.7×ばつ10−8 1.1×ばつ10−8 1.6×ばつ10−17 Human hair growth (average rate—note that there is a great range of variation).
10−7 3×ばつ10−7 to 1.11×ばつ10−5 1.08×ばつ10−6 to 4×ばつ10−5 6.7×ばつ10−7 to 2.5×ばつ10−5 1×ばつ10−15 to 3.7×ばつ10−14 Calculated speed of an amoeba.[5]
10−6 1.52×ばつ10−6 5.4×ばつ10−6 3.4×ばつ10−6 5.1×ばつ10−15 Speed of a cellular vesicle propelled by a motor protein.[6]
10−5 1.02×ばつ10−5 3.67×ばつ10−5 2.28×ばつ10−5 3.40×ばつ10−14 Speed of the tip of a 7 cm (2.8 in)-long hour hand on a clock.[7]
1.4×ばつ10−5 5.0×ばつ10−5 3.1×ばつ10−5 4.6×ばつ10−14 Growth rate of bamboo, the fastest-growing woody plant, over 24 hours.[8]
10−4 4.0×ばつ10−4 1.4×ばつ10−3 8.9×ばつ10−4 1.3×ばつ10−12 Speed of Jakobshavn Isbræ, one of the fastest glaciers, in 2003.[9]
6×ばつ10−4 2.2×ばつ10−3 1.3×ばつ10−3 2×ばつ10−12 Typical speed of Thiovulum majus , the fastest-swimming bacterium.[10]
10−3 0.00178 0.00641 0.00398 5.94×ばつ10−12 The speed of a particle orbiting a ball of lead of radius 1 m near its surface under its gravity (that is, the first cosmic speed for this ball).
0.00275 0.00990 0.00615 9.17×ばつ10−12 World record speed of the fastest snail in the Congham, UK.[11]
10−2 0.0476 0.171 0.106 1.58×ばつ10−10 Compact cassette tape speed.[12]
0.080 0.29 0.18 2.6×ばつ10−10 The top speed of a sloth.
10−1 0.2778 1 0.6214 9.2657×ばつ10−10 1 km/h.
0.44704 1.609344 1 1.4912×ばつ10−9 1 mph.
0.5144 1.852 1.151 1.716×ばつ10−9 1 knot (nautical mile per hour)
100 1.2 4.32 2.68 4×ばつ10−9 Typical scanning speed of an audio compact disc; the speed of signals (action potentials) traveling along axons in the human cortex.
1–1.5 3.6–5.4 2.2–3.4 3.3–5.0×ばつ10−9 Average walking speed—below a speed of about 2 m/s, it is more efficient to walk than to run, but above that speed, it is more efficient to run.
2.39 8.53 5.35 7.97×ばつ10−9 World record time 50m freestyle swim
5.78 20.81 12.93 1.928×ばつ10−8 World record time marathon [13]
6–7 20–25 12–15 1.8–2.3×ばつ10−8 Comfortable bicycling speed.
101 10.438 37.578 23.35 3.48×ばつ10−8 Average speed of Jamaican athlete Usain Bolt while setting the 100m world record in Berlin on 16 August 2009.
12.42 44.72 27.78 4.14×ばつ10−8 Top speed reached by Bolt during the same race.
8–14 30–50 18–31 2.7–4.7×ばつ10−8 Typical residential speed limit; top speed of a running cat or dog.
14 50 31 4.7×ばつ10−8 Typical speed of road-race cyclist.
17 60 37 5×ばつ10−8 Typical speed of thoroughbred racehorse or racing greyhound.
5–25 18–90 11–56 1.7–8.3×ばつ10−8 Speed of propagation for unmyelinated sensory neurons.
30 110 70 1×ばつ10−7 Typical speed of car (freeway); cheetah—fastest of all terrestrial animals; sailfish—fastest fish; speed of go-fast boat.
40 140 90 1.3×ばつ10−7 Typical peak speed of a local service train (or intercity on lower standard tracks).
40.05 144.17 89.59 1.335×ばつ10−7 Land speed record for a human powered vehicle.[14]
54 195 122 1.8×ばつ10−7 Maximum speed a human can attain during a face-down free-fall.
67 240 149 2.2×ばつ10−7 The top speed of the world's fastest roller coaster, Formula Rossa.
90 320 200 3×ばつ10−7 Typical speed of a modern high-speed train (e.g. latest generation of production TGV); a diving peregrine falcon—fastest bird; 320 km/h or 200 mph is a parameter sometimes used in defining a supercar.[15]
91 328 204 3.04×ばつ10−7 Fastest recorded ball (a golf ball) in sports.[16]
102 100.67 362.4 225.18 3.3×ばつ10−7 Maximum speed recorded by a MotoGP motorcycle. Set by Johann Zarco during the 2021 Qatar Grand Prix at Losail International Circuit in a Ducati Desmosedici GP21 and Brad Binder during the 2021 Italian Grand Prix at Mugello Circuit in a KTM RC16.[17]
103 370 230 3.44×ばつ10−7 Speed of super torpedo VA-111 Shkval.
103.5 372.6 231.5 3.452×ばつ10−7 Maximum speed recorded by a Formula One car. Set by Juan Pablo Montoya during the 2005 Italian Grand Prix at Monza in a McLaren MP4-20.
105.5 379.8 236 3.52×ばつ10−7 Maximum speed of a Ferrari F50 GT1.
113 408 254 3.77×ばつ10−7 Fastest non-tornadic wind gust recorded on Earth - at Barrow Island, Australia on April 10, 1996, during Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia.[18]
120 432 270 4.0×ばつ10−7 Speed of propagation for mammalian motor neurons.
124.219 447.19 277.87 4.1×ばつ10−7 Maximum speed of the Koenigsegg Agera RS (currently the fastest production car in the world).[19]
126–143 452–517 281–321 4.2–4.8×ばつ10−7 The fastest wind speed ever recorded on Earth, caused by the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado.
150.6 539 337 5×ばつ10−7 Top speed of an internal-combustion-powered NHRA Top Fuel Dragster.
154 554.4 344.5 5.1×ばつ10−7 Speed of the fastest crossbow arrow.
157 575 351 5.2×ばつ10−7 Top speed of experimental test TGV train in 2007.
161 580 360 5.4×ばつ10−7 Top speed of JR-Maglev in 2003.
250 900 560 8.3×ばつ10−7 Typical cruising speed of a modern jet airliner, e.g. an Airbus A380.
314 1,130 702 1×ばつ10−6 Top speed of any World War II-era aircraft, the Me 163B V18 set on July 6, 1944.
320 1,200 720 1.07×ばつ10−6 The speed of a typical .22 LR bullet.
340.3 1,225 761 1.135×ばつ10−6 Speed of sound in standard atmosphere (15 °C and 1 atm).
344.66 1,240.77 770.98 1.15×ばつ10−6 Max speed reached by the jet-propelled car ThrustSSC in 1997—Land speed record.[20]
373 1,342.8 833.9 1.2×ばつ10−6 Highest speed recorded during a free fall set by Felix Baumgartner.
428 1,540.8 957 1.4×ばつ10−6 Max speed of Bell X-1.
464 1,670 1,040 1.55×ばつ10−6 Speed of Earth's rotation at the equator.
603 2,170.8 1,350 2×ばつ10−6 Speed of the Concorde airliner.
975 3,510 2,180 3.25×ばつ10−6 Muzzle velocity of M16 rifle.
981 3,532 2,194 3.27×ばつ10−6 SR-71 Blackbird, the fastest aircraft driven by a mechanical jet engine.
103 1,022 3,679 2,286 3.41×ばつ10−6 Mean orbital velocity of the Moon around Earth.
1,400 5,040 3,100 4.6×ばつ10−6 Speed of the Space Shuttle when the solid rocket boosters separate.
1,422 5,119.2 3,181.2 4.7×ばつ10−6 The speed of fastest commercial cartridge. (.220 Swift, 1.9 grams (29 gr) bullet and 2.7 grams (42 gr) of 3031 powder.)
1,500 5,400 3,400 5×ばつ10−6 Speed of sound in water or in soft tissue.[21]
1,789 6,443 4,002 6×ばつ10−6 Speed of BrahMos II hypersonic cruise missile
2,000 7,200 4,500 6.7×ばつ10−6 Estimated speed of a thermal neutron.
2,019 7,268.4 4,516 6.7×ばつ10−6 Speed of the North American X-15 rocket plane.
2,375 8,550 5,345 7.9×ばつ10−6 Escape velocity from Moon.
2,700 9,600 6,000 9×ばつ10−6 Speed of wind on exoplanet HD 189733 b.[22]
2,885 10,385 6,453 9.6×ばつ10−6 Top speed of the fastest rocket sled.[23]
3,373 12,144 7,546 1.125×ばつ10−5 Speed of the unmanned X-43 rocket/scramjet plane.
4,500 16,000 10,000 1.5×ばつ10−5 A typical value for the specific impulse of current rockets.
7,700 27,700 17,200 2.57×ばつ10−5 Speed of International Space Station and typical speed of other satellites such as the Space Shuttle in low Earth orbit.
7,777 28,000 17,400 2.594×ばつ10−5 Speed of propagation of the explosion in a detonating cord.
104 10,600 38,160 23,713.65 0.00004 Speed of propagation of the explosion of Octanitrocubane (ONC).
11,107 39,985.2 24,846 0.00004 Speed of Apollo 10 – high speed record for human-crewed vehicle.
11,200 40,320 25,100 0.00004 Escape velocity from Earth.
16,100 57,900 36,000 0.00005 Fastest projectile velocity (1994).[24]
16,210 58,356 36,261 0.00005 Escape speed from Earth by NASA New Horizons spacecraft—Fastest escape velocity.
17,000 61,000 38,000 0.00006 The approximate speed of the Voyager 1 probe relative to the Sun, when it exited the Solar System.[25]
29,800 107,280 66,700 0.00010 Speed of the Earth in orbit around the Sun.
47,800 172,100 106,900 0.00016 Atmospheric entry speed of the Galileo atmospheric probe—Fastest controlled atmospheric entry for a human-made object.
66,000 240,000 150,000 0.00022 Lower speed bound of the steel plate cap from the Pascal-B nuclear test of Operation Plumbbob.[26] [circular reference ]
70,220 252,800 157,100 0.00023 Speed of the Helios 2 solar probe.
73,800 265,000 165,000 0.00023 Estimated top speed of the Juno spacecraft (mass ~3600 kg) relative to Earth before insertion into Jupiter's orbit — second fastest human-made technical object.[27]
105 100,000 360,000 224,000 0.0003 Dust particles in dust accelerators can exceed this speed.[28]
140,000 540,000 313,170 0.00047 Approaching velocity of Messier 98 to our galaxy.
192,000 690,000 430,000 0.00064 Predicted[needs update ] top speed of the Parker Solar Probe at its closest perihelion in 2024.[29] [30]
200,000 700,000 450,000 0.00070 Orbital speed of the Solar System in the Milky Way galaxy.
308,571 1,080,000 694,288 0.001 Approaching velocity of Andromeda Galaxy to our galaxy.
440,000 1,600,000 980,000 0.0015 Typical speed of the stepped leader of lightning (cf. return stroke below).[31]
445,000 1,600,000 995,000 0.0015 Max velocity of the remaining shell (mass about 0.1 mg) of an inertial confinement fusion capsule driven by the National Ignition Facility for the 'Bigfoot' capsule campaign.[32] Current fastest macroscopic human-made system.
450,000 1,600,000 1,000,000 0.0015 Typical speed of a particle of the solar wind, relative to the Sun.
552,000 1,990,000 1,230,000 0.0018 Speed of the Milky Way, relative to the cosmic microwave background.
617,700 2,224,000 1,382,000 0.0021 Escape velocity from the surface of the Sun.
106 1,000,000 3,600,000 2,200,000 0.0030 Typical speed of a Moreton wave across the surface of the Sun.
1,610,000 5,800,000 3,600,000 0.0054 Speed of hypervelocity star PSR B2224+65, which currently seems to be leaving the Milky Way.
5,000,000 18,000,000 11,000,000 0.017 Estimated minimum speed of star S2 at its closest approach to Sagittarius A*.[33]
107 14,000,000 50,000,000 31,000,000 0.047 Typical speed of a fast neutron.
30,000,000 100,000,000 70,000,000 0.1 Typical speed of an electron in a cathode-ray tube.
108 100,000,000 360,000,000 220,000,000 0.3 Typical speed of the return stroke of lightning (cf. stepped leader above).[34]
124,000,000 447,000,000 277,000,000 0.4 Speed of light in a diamond (Refractive index 2.417).
150,000,000 540,000,000 330,000,000 0.5 The escape velocity of a neutron star.
200,000,000 720,000,000 440,000,000 0.7 Speed of a signal in an optical fiber [citation needed ].
299,792,456 1,079,252,840 670,615,282 1 − 9×ばつ10−9 Speed of the 7 TeV protons in the Large Hadron Collider at full power.[35]
299,792,457.996 1,079,252,848.786 670,616,629.38 1 − 1×ばつ10−11 Maximal speed of an electron in LEP (104.5 GeV).
299,792,458 − ×ばつ10−15 1,079,252,848.8 − ×ばつ10−15 670,616,629.4 1 − ×ばつ10−24 Speed of the Oh-My-God particle ultra-high-energy cosmic ray.[36]
299,792,458 1,079,252,848.8 670,616,629.4 1 Speed of light or other electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum or massless particles.
>299,792,458 >1,079,252,848.8 >670,616,629.4 >1 Expansion rate of the universe between objects farther apart than the Hubble radius

See also

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References

[edit ]
  1. ^ Hubble, E. (1929). "A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168 . PMC 522427 . PMID 16577160.
  2. ^ Van Driessche, A.E.S.; García Ruíz, J.M.; Tsukamoto, K.; Patiño López, L.D.; Satoh, H. (2011). "Ultraslow growth rates of giant gypsum crystals". PNAS. 108 (38): 15721–15726. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105233108 . PMC 3179101 . PMID 21911400.
  3. ^ Blewett, Richard, ed. (2012). "Chapter 2: Australia in time and space". Shaping a nation. Geoscience Australia and ANU E-Press. pp. 57–58. doi:10.22459/SN.08.2012 . ISBN 9781922103437 . Retrieved 2015年05月20日.
  4. ^ Bindoff, NL; et al. "Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level" (PDF). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017年05月13日. Retrieved 2010年08月21日.
  5. ^ "Do amoebas move fast or slow". Study.com. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  6. ^ Hill, David; Holzwarth, George; Bonin, Keith (2002). "Velocity and Drag Forces on motor-protein-driven Vesicles in Cells". APS Southeastern Section Meeting Abstracts. 69: EA.002. Bibcode:2002APS..SES.EA002H.
  7. ^ v = r ω = 0.07 m · ⁠2π/60 s/min · 60 min/hr · 12 hr⁠
  8. ^ Farrelly, David (1984). The Book of Bamboo . Sierra Club Books. ISBN 978-0-87156-825-0.
  9. ^ Joughin I.; Abdalati W.; Fahnestock M. (2004). "Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbrae glacier". Nature . 432 (7017): 608–610. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..608J. doi:10.1038/nature03130. PMID 15577906. S2CID 4406447.
  10. ^ Fenchel, Tom (1994). "Motility and chemosensory behaviour of the sulphur bacterium Thiovulum majus". Microbiology. 140 (11): 3109–3116. doi:10.1099/13500872-140-11-3109 . Retrieved 2010年08月21日.
  11. ^ "snailracing.net".
  12. ^ TDK cassette spec sheet Archived 2007年06月20日 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 27 March 2007
  13. ^ "Eliud Kipchoge sets new marathon world record". BBC Sport . September 16, 2018. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
  14. ^ "IHPVA Official Speed Records". International Human Powered Vehicle Association. 17 September 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  15. ^ "Supercar" . Retrieved 2009年10月10日.
  16. ^ "FSN Sport Science - Episode 7 - Myths - Jason Zuback". Sport Science . YouTube. December 2007. Archived from the original on 2021年12月22日. Retrieved 2009年07月27日.
  17. ^ "What is the official outright MotoGPTM speed record?". motogp.com. MotoGP. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  18. ^ "World record wind gust". World Meteorological Association. Archived from the original on 2013年01月20日. Retrieved 2010年01月26日.
  19. ^ "The Koenigsegg Agera RS Is Officially the World's Fastest Car". 4 November 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  20. ^ "ThrustSSC".
  21. ^ "clinicalimagingscience.org - Photoacoustic Imaging: Opening New Frontiers in Medical Imaging". Archived from the original on 2013年04月20日. Retrieved 2011年09月21日.
  22. ^ Discovery Space: Top 10 Extrasolar Planets Archived 2009年03月03日 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ 846 TS Hypersonic Upgrade Program Archived 2009年02月02日 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (March 22, 1994). "Fastest Gun on Earth: Goals Go Beyond Planet". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  25. ^ Elert, Glenn. "Speed of the Voyager Space Probes".
  26. ^ Operation Plumbbob
  27. ^ Wall, Mike (July 4, 2016). "By Jove! NASA Probe Arrives at Jupiter After 5-Year Trek". Space.com . Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  28. ^ M. Horányi et al.: The SSERVI - Impact Dust Accelerator Facility at the University of Colorado, 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), accessed May 30, 2017
  29. ^ "NASA Press Kit: Parker Solar Probe" (PDF). NASA. August 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  30. ^ Garner, Rob (August 9, 2018). "Parker Solar Probe: Humanity's First Visit to a Star". NASA . Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  31. ^ Thomson, E. M.; Uman, M. A.; Beasley, W. H. (1985). "Speed and current for lightning stepped leaders near ground as determined from electric field records". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 90 (D5): 8136–8142. Bibcode:1985JGR....90.8136T. doi:10.1029/JD090iD05p08136.
  32. ^ "'Bigfoot' Prowls the NIF Target Chamber". Lawrence Livermore National Lab. February 2018.
  33. ^ "Surfing a Black Hole - Star Orbiting Massive Milky Way Centre Approaches to within 17 Light-Hours".
  34. ^ Idone, Vincent P.; Orville, Richard E.; Mach, Douglas M.; Rust, W. David (1987). "The propagation speed of a positive lightning return stroke". Geophysical Research Letters. 14 (11): 1150–1153. Bibcode:1987GeoRL..14.1150I. doi:10.1029/GL014i011p01150.
  35. ^ "LHC beams". CERN.
  36. ^ J. Walker (January 4, 1994). "The Oh-My-God Particle". Fourmilab.
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