Python Library Reference

Guido van Rossum

Python Software Foundation
Email: docs@python.org

Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor

Release 2.4.4
18 October 2006

Front Matter
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Built-In Objects
- 2.1 Built-in Functions
- 2.2 Non-essential Built-in Functions
- 2.3 Built-in Types
- 2.4 Built-in Exceptions
- 2.5 Built-in Constants
3. Python Runtime Services
- 3.1 sys -- System-specific parameters and functions
- 3.2 gc -- Garbage Collector interface
- 3.3 weakref -- Weak references
  - 3.3.1 Weak Reference Objects
  - 3.3.2 Example
  - 3.3.3 Weak References in Extension Types
- 3.4 fpectl -- Floating point exception control
  - 3.4.1 Example
  - 3.4.2 Limitations and other considerations
- 3.5 atexit -- Exit handlers
  - 3.5.1 atexit Example
- 3.6 types -- Names for built-in types
- 3.7 UserDict -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects
- 3.8 UserList -- Class wrapper for list objects
- 3.9 UserString -- Class wrapper for string objects
- 3.10 operator -- Standard operators as functions.
  - 3.10.1 Mapping Operators to Functions
- 3.11 inspect -- Inspect live objects
  - 3.11.1 Types and members
  - 3.11.2 Retrieving source code
  - 3.11.3 Classes and functions
  - 3.11.4 The interpreter stack
- 3.12 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback
  - 3.12.1 Traceback Example
- 3.13 linecache -- Random access to text lines
- 3.14 pickle -- Python object serialization
  - 3.14.1 Relationship to other Python modules
  - 3.14.2 Data stream format
  - 3.14.3 Usage
  - 3.14.4 What can be pickled and unpickled?
  - 3.14.5 The pickle protocol
  - 3.14.6 Subclassing Unpicklers
  - 3.14.7 Example
- 3.15 cPickle -- A faster pickle
- 3.16 copy_reg -- Register pickle support functions
- 3.17 shelve -- Python object persistence
  - 3.17.1 Restrictions
  - 3.17.2 Example
- 3.18 copy -- Shallow and deep copy operations
- 3.19 marshal -- Internal Python object serialization
- 3.20 warnings -- Warning control
  - 3.20.1 Warning Categories
  - 3.20.2 The Warnings Filter
  - 3.20.3 Available Functions
- 3.21 imp -- Access the import internals
  - 3.21.1 Examples
- 3.22 zipimport -- Import modules from Zip archives
  - 3.22.1 zipimporter Objects
  - 3.22.2 Examples
- 3.23 pkgutil -- Package extension utility
- 3.24 modulefinder -- Find modules used by a script
- 3.25 code -- Interpreter base classes
  - 3.25.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects
  - 3.25.2 Interactive Console Objects
- 3.26 codeop -- Compile Python code
- 3.27 pprint -- Data pretty printer
  - 3.27.1 PrettyPrinter Objects
- 3.28 repr -- Alternate repr() implementation
  - 3.28.1 Repr Objects
  - 3.28.2 Subclassing Repr Objects
- 3.29 new -- Creation of runtime internal objects
- 3.30 site -- Site-specific configuration hook
- 3.31 user -- User-specific configuration hook
- 3.32 __builtin__ -- Built-in objects
- 3.33 __main__ -- Top-level script environment
- 3.34 __future__ -- Future statement definitions
4. String Services
- 4.1 string -- Common string operations
- 4.2 re -- Regular expression operations
- 4.3 struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data
- 4.4 difflib -- Helpers for computing deltas
- 4.5 fpformat -- Floating point conversions
- 4.6 StringIO -- Read and write strings as files
- 4.7 cStringIO -- Faster version of StringIO
- 4.8 textwrap -- Text wrapping and filling
- 4.9 codecs -- Codec registry and base classes
- 4.10 unicodedata -- Unicode Database
- 4.11 stringprep -- Internet String Preparation
5. Miscellaneous Services
- 5.1 pydoc -- Documentation generator and online help system
- 5.2 doctest -- Test interactive Python examples
  - 5.2.1 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
  - 5.2.2 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
  - 5.2.3 How It Works
  - 5.2.4 Basic API
  - 5.2.5 Unittest API
  - 5.2.6 Advanced API
  - 5.2.7 Debugging
  - 5.2.8 Soapbox
- 5.3 unittest -- Unit testing framework
  - 5.3.1 Basic example
  - 5.3.2 Organizing test code
  - 5.3.3 Re-using old test code
  - 5.3.4 Classes and functions
  - 5.3.5 TestCase Objects
  - 5.3.6 TestSuite Objects
  - 5.3.7 TestResult Objects
  - 5.3.8 TestLoader Objects
- 5.4 test -- Regression tests package for Python
  - 5.4.1 Writing Unit Tests for the test package
  - 5.4.2 Running tests using test.regrtest
- 5.5 test.test_support -- Utility functions for tests
- 5.6 decimal -- Decimal floating point arithmetic
  - 5.6.1 Quick-start Tutorial
  - 5.6.2 Decimal objects
  - 5.6.3 Context objects
  - 5.6.4 Signals
  - 5.6.5 Floating Point Notes
  - 5.6.6 Working with threads
  - 5.6.7 Recipes
  - 5.6.8 Decimal FAQ
- 5.7 math -- Mathematical functions
- 5.8 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- 5.9 random -- Generate pseudo-random numbers
- 5.10 whrandom -- Pseudo-random number generator
- 5.11 bisect -- Array bisection algorithm
  - 5.11.1 Examples
- 5.12 collections -- High-performance container datatypes
  - 5.12.1 Recipes
- 5.13 heapq -- Heap queue algorithm
  - 5.13.1 Theory
- 5.14 array -- Efficient arrays of numeric values
- 5.15 sets -- Unordered collections of unique elements
  - 5.15.1 Set Objects
  - 5.15.2 Example
  - 5.15.3 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
  - 5.15.4 Comparison to the built-in set types
- 5.16 itertools -- Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
  - 5.16.1 Itertool functions
  - 5.16.2 Examples
  - 5.16.3 Recipes
- 5.17 ConfigParser -- Configuration file parser
  - 5.17.1 RawConfigParser Objects
  - 5.17.2 ConfigParser Objects
  - 5.17.3 SafeConfigParser Objects
- 5.18 fileinput -- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- 5.19 calendar -- General calendar-related functions
- 5.20 cmd -- Support for line-oriented command interpreters
  - 5.20.1 Cmd Objects
- 5.21 shlex -- Simple lexical analysis
  - 5.21.1 shlex Objects
  - 5.21.2 Parsing Rules
6. Generic Operating System Services
- 6.1 os -- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  - 6.1.1 Process Parameters
  - 6.1.2 File Object Creation
  - 6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations
  - 6.1.4 Files and Directories
  - 6.1.5 Process Management
  - 6.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information
  - 6.1.7 Miscellaneous Functions
- 6.2 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations
- 6.3 dircache -- Cached directory listings
- 6.4 stat -- Interpreting stat() results
- 6.5 statcache -- An optimization of os.stat()
- 6.6 statvfs -- Constants used with os.statvfs()
- 6.7 filecmp -- File and Directory Comparisons
  - 6.7.1 The dircmp class
- 6.8 subprocess -- Subprocess management
  - 6.8.1 Using the subprocess Module
  - 6.8.2 Popen Objects
  - 6.8.3 Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
- 6.9 popen2 -- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
  - 6.9.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
  - 6.9.2 Flow Control Issues
- 6.10 datetime -- Basic date and time types
  - 6.10.1 Available Types
  - 6.10.2 timedelta Objects
  - 6.10.3 date Objects
  - 6.10.4 datetime Objects
  - 6.10.5 time Objects
  - 6.10.6 tzinfo Objects
  - 6.10.7 strftime() Behavior
- 6.11 time -- Time access and conversions
- 6.12 sched -- Event scheduler
  - 6.12.1 Scheduler Objects
- 6.13 mutex -- Mutual exclusion support
  - 6.13.1 Mutex Objects
- 6.14 getpass -- Portable password input
- 6.15 curses -- Terminal handling for character-cell displays
  - 6.15.1 Functions
  - 6.15.2 Window Objects
  - 6.15.3 Constants
- 6.16 curses.textpad -- Text input widget for curses programs
  - 6.16.1 Textbox objects
- 6.17 curses.wrapper -- Terminal handler for curses programs
- 6.18 curses.ascii -- Utilities for ASCII characters
- 6.19 curses.panel -- A panel stack extension for curses.
  - 6.19.1 Functions
  - 6.19.2 Panel Objects
- 6.20 getopt -- Parser for command line options
- 6.21 optparse -- More powerful command line option parser
  - 6.21.1 Background
  - 6.21.2 Tutorial
  - 6.21.3 Reference Guide
  - 6.21.4 Option Callbacks
  - 6.21.5 Extending optparse
- 6.22 tempfile -- Generate temporary files and directories
- 6.23 errno -- Standard errno system symbols
- 6.24 glob -- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- 6.25 fnmatch -- Unix filename pattern matching
- 6.26 shutil -- High-level file operations
  - 6.26.1 Example
- 6.27 locale -- Internationalization services
  - 6.27.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
  - 6.27.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
  - 6.27.3 Access to message catalogs
- 6.28 gettext -- Multilingual internationalization services
  - 6.28.1 GNU gettext API
  - 6.28.2 Class-based API
  - 6.28.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules
  - 6.28.4 Acknowledgements
- 6.29 logging -- Logging facility for Python
  - 6.29.1 Logger Objects
  - 6.29.2 Basic example
  - 6.29.3 Logging to multiple destinations
  - 6.29.4 Sending and receiving logging events across a network
  - 6.29.5 Handler Objects
  - 6.29.6 Formatter Objects
  - 6.29.7 Filter Objects
  - 6.29.8 LogRecord Objects
  - 6.29.9 Thread Safety
  - 6.29.10 Configuration
- 6.30 platform -- Access to underlying platform's identifying data.
  - 6.30.1 Cross Platform
  - 6.30.2 Java Platform
  - 6.30.3 Windows Platform
  - 6.30.4 Mac OS Platform
  - 6.30.5 Unix Platforms
7. Optional Operating System Services
- 7.1 signal -- Set handlers for asynchronous events
  - 7.1.1 Example
- 7.2 socket -- Low-level networking interface
  - 7.2.1 Socket Objects
  - 7.2.2 SSL Objects
  - 7.2.3 Example
- 7.3 select -- Waiting for I/O completion
  - 7.3.1 Polling Objects
- 7.4 thread -- Multiple threads of control
- 7.5 threading -- Higher-level threading interface
  - 7.5.1 Lock Objects
  - 7.5.2 RLock Objects
  - 7.5.3 Condition Objects
  - 7.5.4 Semaphore Objects
  - 7.5.5 Event Objects
  - 7.5.6 Thread Objects
  - 7.5.7 Timer Objects
- 7.6 dummy_thread -- Drop-in replacement for the thread module
- 7.7 dummy_threading -- Drop-in replacement for the threading module
- 7.8 Queue -- A synchronized queue class
  - 7.8.1 Queue Objects
- 7.9 mmap -- Memory-mapped file support
- 7.10 anydbm -- Generic access to DBM-style databases
- 7.11 dbhash -- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
  - 7.11.1 Database Objects
- 7.12 whichdb -- Guess which DBM module created a database
- 7.13 bsddb -- Interface to Berkeley DB library
  - 7.13.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects
- 7.14 dumbdbm -- Portable DBM implementation
  - 7.14.1 Dumbdbm Objects
- 7.15 zlib -- Compression compatible with gzip
- 7.16 gzip -- Support for gzip files
- 7.17 bz2 -- Compression compatible with bzip2
  - 7.17.1 (De)compression of files
  - 7.17.2 Sequential (de)compression
  - 7.17.3 One-shot (de)compression
- 7.18 zipfile -- Work with ZIP archives
  - 7.18.1 ZipFile Objects
  - 7.18.2 PyZipFile Objects
  - 7.18.3 ZipInfo Objects
- 7.19 tarfile -- Read and write tar archive files
  - 7.19.1 TarFile Objects
  - 7.19.2 TarInfo Objects
  - 7.19.3 Examples
- 7.20 readline -- GNU readline interface
  - 7.20.1 Example
- 7.21 rlcompleter -- Completion function for GNU readline
  - 7.21.1 Completer Objects
8. Unix Specific Services
- 8.1 posix -- The most common POSIX system calls
  - 8.1.1 Large File Support
  - 8.1.2 Module Contents
- 8.2 pwd -- The password database
- 8.3 grp -- The group database
- 8.4 crypt -- Function to check Unix passwords
- 8.5 dl -- Call C functions in shared objects
  - 8.5.1 Dl Objects
- 8.6 dbm -- Simple ``database'' interface
- 8.7 gdbm -- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
- 8.8 termios -- POSIX style tty control
  - 8.8.1 Example
- 8.9 tty -- Terminal control functions
- 8.10 pty -- Pseudo-terminal utilities
- 8.11 fcntl -- The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
- 8.12 pipes -- Interface to shell pipelines
  - 8.12.1 Template Objects
- 8.13 posixfile -- File-like objects with locking support
- 8.14 resource -- Resource usage information
  - 8.14.1 Resource Limits
  - 8.14.2 Resource Usage
- 8.15 nis -- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- 8.16 syslog -- Unix syslog library routines
- 8.17 commands -- Utilities for running commands
9. The Python Debugger
- 9.1 Debugger Commands
- 9.2 How It Works
10. The Python Profiler
- 10.1 Introduction to the profiler
- 10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler?
- 10.3 Instant Users Manual
- 10.4 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
- 10.5 Reference Manual
  - 10.5.1 The Stats Class
- 10.6 Limitations
- 10.7 Calibration
- 10.8 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
- 10.9 hotshot -- High performance logging profiler
- 10.10 timeit -- Measure execution time of small code snippets
  - 10.10.1 Command Line Interface
  - 10.10.2 Examples
11. Internet Protocols and Support
- 11.1 webbrowser -- Convenient Web-browser controller
  - 11.1.1 Browser Controller Objects
- 11.2 cgi -- Common Gateway Interface support.
  - 11.2.1 Introduction
  - 11.2.2 Using the cgi module
  - 11.2.3 Higher Level Interface
  - 11.2.4 Old classes
  - 11.2.5 Functions
  - 11.2.6 Caring about security
  - 11.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
  - 11.2.8 Testing your CGI script
  - 11.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts
  - 11.2.10 Common problems and solutions
- 11.3 cgitb -- Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- 11.4 urllib -- Open arbitrary resources by URL
  - 11.4.1 URLopener Objects
  - 11.4.2 Examples
- 11.5 urllib2 -- extensible library for opening URLs
  - 11.5.1 Request Objects
  - 11.5.2 OpenerDirector Objects
  - 11.5.3 BaseHandler Objects
  - 11.5.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
  - 11.5.5 HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
  - 11.5.6 ProxyHandler Objects
  - 11.5.7 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
  - 11.5.8 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.9 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.10 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.11 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.12 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.13 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
  - 11.5.14 HTTPHandler Objects
  - 11.5.15 HTTPSHandler Objects
  - 11.5.16 FileHandler Objects
  - 11.5.17 FTPHandler Objects
  - 11.5.18 CacheFTPHandler Objects
  - 11.5.19 GopherHandler Objects
  - 11.5.20 UnknownHandler Objects
  - 11.5.21 HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
  - 11.5.22 Examples
- 11.6 httplib -- HTTP protocol client
  - 11.6.1 HTTPConnection Objects
  - 11.6.2 HTTPResponse Objects
  - 11.6.3 Examples
- 11.7 ftplib -- FTP protocol client
  - 11.7.1 FTP Objects
- 11.8 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client
- 11.9 poplib -- POP3 protocol client
  - 11.9.1 POP3 Objects
  - 11.9.2 POP3 Example
- 11.10 imaplib -- IMAP4 protocol client
  - 11.10.1 IMAP4 Objects
  - 11.10.2 IMAP4 Example
- 11.11 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client
  - 11.11.1 NNTP Objects
- 11.12 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client
  - 11.12.1 SMTP Objects
  - 11.12.2 SMTP Example
- 11.13 smtpd -- SMTP Server
  - 11.13.1 SMTPServer Objects
  - 11.13.2 DebuggingServer Objects
  - 11.13.3 PureProxy Objects
  - 11.13.4 MailmanProxy Objects
- 11.14 telnetlib -- Telnet client
  - 11.14.1 Telnet Objects
  - 11.14.2 Telnet Example
- 11.15 urlparse -- Parse URLs into components
- 11.16 SocketServer -- A framework for network servers
  - 11.16.1 Server Creation Notes
  - 11.16.2 Server Objects
  - 11.16.3 RequestHandler Objects
- 11.17 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server
- 11.18 SimpleHTTPServer -- Simple HTTP request handler
- 11.19 CGIHTTPServer -- CGI-capable HTTP request handler
- 11.20 cookielib -- Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  - 11.20.1 CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
  - 11.20.2 FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
  - 11.20.3 CookiePolicy Objects
  - 11.20.4 DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
  - 11.20.5 Cookie Objects
  - 11.20.6 Examples
- 11.21 Cookie -- HTTP state management
  - 11.21.1 Cookie Objects
  - 11.21.2 Morsel Objects
  - 11.21.3 Example
- 11.22 xmlrpclib -- XML-RPC client access
  - 11.22.1 ServerProxy Objects
  - 11.22.2 Boolean Objects
  - 11.22.3 DateTime Objects
  - 11.22.4 Binary Objects
  - 11.22.5 Fault Objects
  - 11.22.6 ProtocolError Objects
  - 11.22.7 MultiCall Objects
  - 11.22.8 Convenience Functions
  - 11.22.9 Example of Client Usage
- 11.23 SimpleXMLRPCServer -- Basic XML-RPC server
  - 11.23.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
  - 11.23.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
- 11.24 DocXMLRPCServer -- Self-documenting XML-RPC server
  - 11.24.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects
  - 11.24.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
- 11.25 asyncore -- Asynchronous socket handler
  - 11.25.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client
- 11.26 asynchat -- Asynchronous socket command/response handler
  - 11.26.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
  - 11.26.2 asynchat Example
12. Internet Data Handling
- 12.1 formatter -- Generic output formatting
  - 12.1.1 The Formatter Interface
  - 12.1.2 Formatter Implementations
  - 12.1.3 The Writer Interface
  - 12.1.4 Writer Implementations
- 12.2 email -- An email and MIME handling package
  - 12.2.1 Representing an email message
  - 12.2.2 Parsing email messages
  - 12.2.3 Generating MIME documents
  - 12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
  - 12.2.5 Internationalized headers
  - 12.2.6 Representing character sets
  - 12.2.7 Encoders
  - 12.2.8 Exception and Defect classes
  - 12.2.9 Miscellaneous utilities
  - 12.2.10 Iterators
  - 12.2.11 Package History
  - 12.2.12 Differences from mimelib
  - 12.2.13 Examples
- 12.3 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling.
- 12.4 mailbox -- Read various mailbox formats
  - 12.4.1 Mailbox Objects
- 12.5 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes
  - 12.5.1 MH Objects
  - 12.5.2 Folder Objects
  - 12.5.3 Message Objects
- 12.6 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages
  - 12.6.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects
- 12.7 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types
  - 12.7.1 MimeTypes Objects
- 12.8 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer
  - 12.8.1 MimeWriter Objects
- 12.9 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages
- 12.10 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts
  - 12.10.1 MultiFile Objects
  - 12.10.2 MultiFile Example
- 12.11 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
  - 12.11.1 Message Objects
  - 12.11.2 AddressList Objects
- 12.12 base64 -- RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
- 12.13 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII
- 12.14 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files
  - 12.14.1 Notes
- 12.15 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- 12.16 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files
- 12.17 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data
  - 12.17.1 Packer Objects
  - 12.17.2 Unpacker Objects
  - 12.17.3 Exceptions
- 12.18 netrc -- netrc file processing
  - 12.18.1 netrc Objects
- 12.19 robotparser -- Parser for robots.txt
- 12.20 csv -- CSV File Reading and Writing
  - 12.20.1 Module Contents
  - 12.20.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters
  - 12.20.3 Reader Objects
  - 12.20.4 Writer Objects
  - 12.20.5 Examples
13. Structured Markup Processing Tools
- 13.1 HTMLParser -- Simple HTML and XHTML parser
  - 13.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application
- 13.2 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser
- 13.3 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents
  - 13.3.1 HTMLParser Objects
- 13.4 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities
- 13.5 xml.parsers.expat -- Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 13.6 xml.dom -- The Document Object Model API
- 13.7 xml.dom.minidom -- Lightweight DOM implementation
- 13.8 xml.dom.pulldom -- Support for building partial DOM trees
  - 13.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects
- 13.9 xml.sax -- Support for SAX2 parsers
  - 13.9.1 SAXException Objects
- 13.10 xml.sax.handler -- Base classes for SAX handlers
- 13.11 xml.sax.saxutils -- SAX Utilities
- 13.12 xml.sax.xmlreader -- Interface for XML parsers
- 13.13 xmllib -- A parser for XML documents
  - 13.13.1 XML Namespaces
14. Multimedia Services
- 14.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data
- 14.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data
- 14.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- 14.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files
  - 14.4.1 AU_read Objects
  - 14.4.2 AU_write Objects
- 14.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files
  - 14.5.1 Wave_read Objects
  - 14.5.2 Wave_write Objects
- 14.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data
- 14.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems
- 14.8 rgbimg -- Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
- 14.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image
- 14.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file
- 14.11 ossaudiodev -- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
  - 14.11.1 Audio Device Objects
  - 14.11.2 Mixer Device Objects
15. Cryptographic Services
- 15.1 hmac -- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
- 15.2 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm
- 15.3 sha -- SHA-1 message digest algorithm
16. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
- 16.1 Tkinter -- Python interface to Tcl/Tk
- 16.2 Tix -- Extension widgets for Tk
- 16.3 ScrolledText -- Scrolled Text Widget
- 16.4 turtle -- Turtle graphics for Tk
  - 16.4.1 Pen and RawPen Objects
- 16.5 Idle
- 16.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages
17. Restricted Execution
- 17.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework
- 17.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects
18. Python Language Services
- 18.1 parser -- Access Python parse trees
- 18.2 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees
- 18.3 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees
- 18.4 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords
- 18.5 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source
- 18.6 tabnanny -- Detection of ambiguous indentation
- 18.7 pyclbr -- Python class browser support
  - 18.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects
  - 18.7.2 Function Descriptor Objects
- 18.8 py_compile -- Compile Python source files
- 18.9 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries
- 18.10 dis -- Disassembler for Python byte code
  - 18.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions
- 18.11 pickletools -- Tools for pickle developers.
- 18.12 distutils -- Building and installing Python modules
19. Python compiler package
- 19.1 The basic interface
- 19.2 Limitations
- 19.3 Python Abstract Syntax
- 19.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
- 19.5 Bytecode Generation
20. SGI IRIX Specific Services
- 20.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI
  - 20.1.1 Configuration Objects
  - 20.1.2 Port Objects
- 20.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module
- 20.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems
  - 20.3.1 Player Objects
  - 20.3.2 Parser Objects
- 20.4 fl -- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
- 20.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module
- 20.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
- 20.7 fm -- Font Manager interface
- 20.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface
- 20.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module
- 20.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module
- 20.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files
- 20.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files
21. SunOS Specific Services
- 21.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware
  - 21.1.1 Audio Device Objects
- 21.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev
22. MS Windows Specific Services
- 22.1 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- 22.2 _winreg - Windows registry access
  - 22.2.1 Registry Handle Objects
- 22.3 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows
A. Undocumented Modules
- A.1 Frameworks
- A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
- A.3 Platform specific modules
- A.4 Multimedia
- A.5 Obsolete
- A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules
B. Reporting Bugs
C. History and License
- C.1 History of the software
- C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
- C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
Module Index
Index
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Release 2.4.4, documentation updated on 18 October 2006.

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