3.17 shelve -- Python object persistence

A ``shelf'' is a persistent, dictionary-like object. The difference with ``dbm'' databases is that the values (not the keys!) in a shelf can be essentially arbitrary Python objects -- anything that the pickle module can handle. This includes most class instances, recursive data types, and objects containing lots of shared sub-objects. The keys are ordinary strings.

To summarize the interface (key is a string, data is an arbitrary object):

import shelve
d = shelve.open(filename) # open, with (g)dbm filename -- no suffix
d[key] = data # store data at key (overwrites old data if
 # using an existing key)
data = d[key] # retrieve data at key (raise KeyError if no
 # such key)
del d[key] # delete data stored at key (raises KeyError
 # if no such key)
flag = d.has_key(key) # true if the key exists
list = d.keys() # a list of all existing keys (slow!)
d.close() # close it

Restrictions:

• The choice of which database package will be used (e.g. dbm or gdbm ) depends on which interface is available. Therefore it is not safe to open the database directly using dbm . The database is also (unfortunately) subject to the limitations of dbm , if it is used -- this means that (the pickled representation of) the objects stored in the database should be fairly small, and in rare cases key collisions may cause the database to refuse updates.

• Dependent on the implementation, closing a persistent dictionary may or may not be necessary to flush changes to disk.

• The shelve module does not support concurrent read/write access to shelved objects. (Multiple simultaneous read accesses are safe.) When a program has a shelf open for writing, no other program should have it open for reading or writing. Unix file locking can be used to solve this, but this differs across Unix versions and requires knowledge about the database implementation used.