IPSECKEY WG M. Richardson Internet-Draft SSW Expires: January 15, 2005 July 17, 2004 A Method for Storing IPsec Keying Material in DNS draft-ietf-ipseckey-rr-11.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, I certify that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which I am aware have been disclosed, and any of which I become aware will be disclosed, in accordance with RFC 3667. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http:// www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on January 15, 2005. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved. Abstract This document describes a new resource record for the Domain Name System (DNS). This record may be used to store public keys for use in IP security (IPsec) systems. The record also includes provisions for indicating what system should be contacted when establishing an IPsec tunnel with the entity in question. This record replaces the functionality of the sub-type #1 of the KEY Resource Record, which has been obsoleted by RFC3445. Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Use of DNS address-to-name maps (IN-ADDR.ARPA and IP6.ARPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Usage Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Storage formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 IPSECKEY RDATA format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 RDATA format - precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3 RDATA format - gateway type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4 RDATA format - algorithm type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5 RDATA format - gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.6 RDATA format - public keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. Presentation formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1 Representation of IPSECKEY RRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1 Active attacks against unsecured IPSECKEY resource records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1.1 Active attacks against IPSECKEY keying materials . . . . . . 10 4.1.2 Active attacks against IPSECKEY gateway material . . . . . . 11 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6. Intellectual Property Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Non-normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . 18 Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 1. Introduction Suppose we have a host which wishes to establish an IPsec tunnel with some remote entity on the network. In many cases this end system will only know a DNS name for the remote entity (whether that DNS name be the name of the remote node, a DNS reverse tree name corresponding to the IP address of the remote node, or perhaps a the domain name portion of a "user@FQDN" name for a remote entity). In these cases the host will need to obtain a public key in order to authenticate the remote entity, and may also need some guidance about whether it should contact the entity directly or use another node as a gateway to the target entity. The IPSECKEY RR provides a storage mechanism for such data as the public key and the gateway information. The type number for the IPSECKEY RR is TBD. 1.1 Overview The IPSECKEY resource record (RR) is used to publish a public key that is to be associated with a Domain Name System (DNS) name for use with the IPsec protocol suite. This can be the public key of a host, network, or application (in the case of per-port keying). The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [7]. 1.2 Use of DNS address-to-name maps (IN-ADDR.ARPA and IP6.ARPA) Often a security gateway will only have access to the IP address of the node with which communication is desired, and will not know any other name for the target node. Because of this, it will frequently be the case that the best way of looking up IPSECKEY RRs will be by using the IP address as an index into one of the reverse mapping trees (IN-ADDR.ARPA for IPv4 or IP6.ARPA for IPv6). The lookup is done in the usual fashion as for PTR records. The IP address' octets (IPv4) or nibbles (IPv6) are reversed and looked up with the appropriate suffix. Any CNAMEs or DNAMEs found MUST be followed. Note: even when the IPsec function is the end-host, often only the application will know the forward name used. While the case where the application knows the forward name is common, the user could easily have typed in a literal IP address. This storage mechanism does not preclude using the forward name when it is available, but does not Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 require it. 1.3 Usage Criteria An IPSECKEY resource record SHOULD be used in combination with DNSSEC unless some other means of authenticating the IPSECKEY resource record is available. It is expected that there will often be multiple IPSECKEY resource records at the same name. This will be due to the presence of multiple gateways and the need to rollover keys. This resource record is class independent. Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 2. Storage formats 2.1 IPSECKEY RDATA format The RDATA for an IPSECKEY RR consists of a precedence value, a gateway type, a public key, algorithm type, and an optional gateway address. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | precedence | gateway type | algorithm | gateway | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-------------+ + ~ gateway ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | / / public key / / / +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-| 2.2 RDATA format - precedence This is an 8-bit precedence for this record. This is interpreted in the same way as the PREFERENCE field described in section 3.3.9 of RFC1035 [2]. Gateways listed in IPSECKEY records with lower precedence are to be attempted first. Where there is a tie in precedence, the order should be non-deterministic. 2.3 RDATA format - gateway type The gateway type field indicates the format of the information that is stored in the gateway field. The following values are defined: 0 No gateway is present 1 A 4-byte IPv4 address is present 2 A 16-byte IPv6 address is present 3 A wire-encoded domain name is present. The wire-encoded format is self-describing, so the length is implicit. The domain name MUST NOT be compressed. (see section 3.3 of RFC1035 [2]). Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 2.4 RDATA format - algorithm type The algorithm type field identifies the public key's cryptographic algorithm and determines the format of the public key field. A value of 0 indicates that no key is present. The following values are defined: 1 A DSA key is present, in the format defined in RFC2536 [10] 2 A RSA key is present, in the format defined in RFC3110 [11] 2.5 RDATA format - gateway The gateway field indicates a gateway to which an IPsec tunnel may be created in order to reach the entity named by this resource record. There are three formats: A 32-bit IPv4 address is present in the gateway field. The data portion is an IPv4 address as described in section 3.4.1 of RFC1035 [2]. This is a 32-bit number in network byte order. A 128-bit IPv6 address is present in the gateway field. The data portion is an IPv6 address as described in section 2.2 of RFC3596 [13]. This is a 128-bit number in network byte order. The gateway field is a normal wire-encoded domain name, as described in section 3.3 of RFC1035 [2]. Compression MUST NOT be used. 2.6 RDATA format - public keys Both of the public key types defined in this document (RSA and DSA) inherit their public key formats from the corresponding KEY RR formats. Specifically, the public key field contains the algorithm-specific portion of the KEY RR RDATA, which is all of the KEY RR DATA after the first four octets. This is the same portion of the KEY RR that must be specified by documents that define a DNSSEC algorithm. Those documents also specify a message digest to be used for generation of SIG RRs; that specification is not relevant for IPSECKEY RR. Future algorithms, if they are to be used by both DNSSEC (in the KEY RR) and IPSECKEY, are likely to use the same public key encodings in both records. Unless otherwise specified, the IPSECKEY public key field will contain the algorithm-specific portion of the KEY RR RDATA Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 for the corresponding algorithm. The algorithm must still be designated for use by IPSECKEY, and an IPSECKEY algorithm type number (which might be different than the DNSSEC algorithm number) must be assigned to it. The DSA key format is defined in RFC2536 [10] The RSA key format is defined in RFC3110 [11], with the following changes: The earlier definition of RSA/MD5 in RFC2065 limited the exponent and modulus to 2552 bits in length. RFC3110 extended that limit to 4096 bits for RSA/SHA1 keys. The IPSECKEY RR imposes no length limit on RSA public keys, other than the 65535 octet limit imposed by the two-octet length encoding. This length extension is applicable only to IPSECKEY and not to KEY RRs. Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 3. Presentation formats 3.1 Representation of IPSECKEY RRs IPSECKEY RRs may appear in a zone data master file. The precedence, gateway type and algorithm and gateway fields are REQUIRED. The base64 encoded public key block is OPTIONAL; if not present, then the public key field of the resource record MUST be construed as being zero octets in length. The algorithm field is an unsigned integer. No mnemonics are defined. If no gateway is to be indicated, then the gateway type field MUST be zero, and the gateway field MUST be "." The Public Key field is represented as a Base64 encoding of the Public Key. Whitespace is allowed within the Base64 text. For a definition of Base64 encoding, see RFC3548 [6] Section 5.2. The general presentation for the record as as follows: IN IPSECKEY ( precedence gateway-type algorithm gateway base64-encoded-public-key ) 3.2 Examples An example of a node 192.0.2.38 that will accept IPsec tunnels on its own behalf. 38.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 7200 IN IPSECKEY ( 10 1 2 192.0.2.38 AQNRU3mG7TVTO2BkR47usntb102uFJtugbo6BSGvgqt4AQ== ) An example of a node, 192.0.2.38 that has published its key only. 38.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 7200 IN IPSECKEY ( 10 0 2 . AQNRU3mG7TVTO2BkR47usntb102uFJtugbo6BSGvgqt4AQ== ) An example of a node, 192.0.2.38 that has delegated authority to the node 192.0.2.3. 38.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 7200 IN IPSECKEY ( 10 1 2 192.0.2.3 AQNRU3mG7TVTO2BkR47usntb102uFJtugbo6BSGvgqt4AQ== ) An example of a node, 192.0.1.38 that has delegated authority to the Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 node with the identity "mygateway.example.com". 38.1.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 7200 IN IPSECKEY ( 10 3 2 mygateway.example.com. AQNRU3mG7TVTO2BkR47usntb102uFJtugbo6BSGvgqt4AQ== ) An example of a node, 2001:0DB8:.&checktime(0200,1,21,':')0:f3ff:fe03:4d0 that has delegated authority to the node 2001:0DB8:c000:0200:2::1 $ORIGIN 1.0.0.0.0.0.2.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. 0.d.4.0.3.0.e.f.f.f.3.f.0.1.2.0 7200 IN IPSECKEY ( 10 2 2 2001:0DB8:0:8002::2000:1 AQNRU3mG7TVTO2BkR47usntb102uFJtugbo6BSGvgqt4AQ== ) Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 4. Security Considerations This entire memo pertains to the provision of public keying material for use by key management protocols such as ISAKMP/IKE (RFC2407) [8]. The IPSECKEY resource record contains information that SHOULD be communicated to the end client in an integral fashion - i.e. free from modification. The form of this channel is up to the consumer of the data - there must be a trust relationship between the end consumer of this resource record and the server. This relationship may be end-to-end DNSSEC validation, a TSIG or SIG(0) channel to another secure source, a secure local channel on the host, or some combination of the above. The keying material provided by the IPSECKEY resource record is not sensitive to passive attacks. The keying material may be freely disclosed to any party without any impact on the security properties of the resulting IPsec session: IPsec and IKE provide for defense against both active and passive attacks. Any derivative specification that makes use of this resource record MUST carefully document their trust model, and why the trust model of DNSSEC is appropriate, if that is the secure channel used. An active attack on the DNS that caused the wrong IP address to be retrieved (via forged address), and therefore the wrong QNAME to be queried would also result in a man-in-the-middle attack. This situation exists independantly of whether or not the IPSECKEY RR is used. 4.1 Active attacks against unsecured IPSECKEY resource records This section deals with active attacks against the DNS. These attacks require that DNS requests and responses be intercepted and changed. DNSSEC is designed to defend against attacks of this kind. This section deals with the situation where DNSSEC is not available. This is not the recommended deployment scenario. 4.1.1 Active attacks against IPSECKEY keying materials The first kind of active attack is when the attacker replaces the keying material with either a key under its control or with garbage. The gateway field is either untouched, or is null. The IKE negotiation will therefore occur with the original end-system. For this attack to be successful, the attacker must be able to perform a man-in-the-middle attack on the IKE negotiation. This attack requires that the attacker be able to intercept and modify packets on the Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 forwarding path for the IKE and data packets. If the attacker is not able to perform this man-in-the-middle attack on the IKE negotiation, then this will result in a denial of service, as the IKE negotiation will fail. If the attacker is able to both to mount active attacks against DNS and is also in a position to perform a man-in-the-middle attack on IKE and IPsec negotiations, then the attacker will be in a position to compromise the resulting IPsec channel. Note that an attacker must be able to perform active DNS attacks on both sides of the IKE negotiation in order for this to succeed. 4.1.2 Active attacks against IPSECKEY gateway material The second kind of active attack is one in which the attacker replaces the the gateway address to point to a node under the attacker's control. The attacker then either replaces the public key or removes it. If they were to remove the public key, then they could provide an accurate public key of their own in a second record. This second form creates a simple man-in-the-middle since the attacker can then create a second tunnel to the real destination. Note that, as before, this requires that the attacker also mount an active attack against the responder. Note that the man-in-the-middle can not just forward cleartext packets to the original destination. While the destination may be willing to speak in the clear, replying to the original sender, the sender will have already created a policy expecting ciphertext. Thus, the attacker will need to intercept traffic in both directions. In some cases, the attacker may be able to accomplish the full intercept by use of Network Addresss/Port Translation (NAT/NAPT) technology. This attack is easier than the first one because the attacker does NOT need to be on the end-to-end forwarding path. The attacker need only be able to modify DNS replies. This can be done by packet modification, by various kinds of race attacks, or through methods that pollute DNS caches. In cases where the end-to-end integrity of the IPSECKEY RR is suspect, the end client MUST restrict its use of the IPSECKEY RR to cases where the RR owner name matches the content of the gateway field. As the RR owner name is assumed when the gateway field is null, a null gateway field is considered a match. Thus, any records obtained under unverified conditions (e.g. no DNSSEC, or trusted path to source) that have a non-null gateway field Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 MUST be ignored. This restriction eliminates attacks against the gateway field, which are considered much easier, as the attack does not need to be on the forwarding path. In the case of an IPSECKEY RR with a value of three in its gateway type field, the gateway field contains a domain name. The subsequent query required to translate that name into an IP address or IPSECKEY RR will also be subject to man-in-the-middle attacks. If the end-to-end integrity of this second query is suspect, then the provisions above also apply. The IPSECKEY RR MUST be ignored whenever the resulting gateway does not match the QNAME of the original IPSECKEY RR query. Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 5. IANA Considerations This document updates the IANA Registry for DNS Resource Record Types by assigning type X to the IPSECKEY record. This document creates two new IANA registries, both specific to the IPSECKEY Resource Record: This document creates an IANA registry for the algorithm type field. Values 0, 1 and 2 are defined in Section 2.4. Algorithm numbers 3 through 255 can be assigned by IETF Consensus (see RFC2434 [5]). This document creates an IANA registry for the gateway type field. Values 0, 1, 2 and 3 are defined in Section 2.3. Gateway type numbers 4 through 255 can be assigned by Standards Action (see RFC2434 [5]). Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 6. Intellectual Property Claims The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF Secretariat. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive Director. Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 7. Acknowledgments My thanks to Paul Hoffman, Sam Weiler, Jean-Jacques Puig, Rob Austein, and Olafur Gurmundsson who reviewed this document carefully. Additional thanks to Olafur Gurmundsson for a reference implementation. Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 Normative references [1] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987. [2] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987. [3] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996. [4] Eastlake, D. and C. Kaufman, "Domain Name System Security Extensions", RFC 2065, January 1997. [5] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998. [6] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings", RFC 3548, July 2003. Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 Non-normative references [7] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [8] Piper, D., "The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP", RFC 2407, November 1998. [9] Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System Security Extensions", RFC 2535, March 1999. [10] Eastlake, D., "DSA KEYs and SIGs in the Domain Name System (DNS)", RFC 2536, March 1999. [11] Eastlake, D., "RSA/SHA-1 SIGs and RSA KEYs in the Domain Name System (DNS)", RFC 3110, May 2001. [12] Massey, D. and S. Rose, "Limiting the Scope of the KEY Resource Record (RR)", RFC 3445, December 2002. [13] Thomson, S., Huitema, C., Ksinant, V. and M. Souissi, "DNS Extensions to Support IP Version 6", RFC 3596, October 2003. Author's Address Michael C. Richardson Sandelman Software Works 470 Dawson Avenue Ottawa, ON K1Z 5V7 CA EMail: mcr@sandelman.ottawa.on.ca URI: http://www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/ Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft Storing IPsec keying material in DNS July 2004 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the IETF's procedures with respect to rights in IETF Documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Disclaimer of Validity This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Richardson Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 18]