Python 3.6+ Conventions for fetching paginated data

Question

I find myself often encountering a use case where I need to fetch paginated data, where I need all of the data. Currently I use something similar to below to handle these cases:

def fetch_paginated_data(api_base, query, good_citizen_rate): 
 encoded = urllib.parse.quote(query.encode('utf-8'))
 initial = f'{api_base}?q={encoded}'
 payload = {
 'has_more': True,
 'next_page': initial
 }
 storage = []
 while payload['has_more']:
 response = requests.get(payload['next_page'])
 if response.status_code != 200:
 raise ValueError('Status not 200')
 payload['has_more'] = False
 return
 data = response.json()
 if (data and data['data']):
 storage.extend(data['data'])
 payload['has_more'] = data['has_more']
 if 'next_page' in data:
 payload['next_page'] = data['next_page']
 time.sleep(good_citizen_rate)
 return storage

My question is how could I better make this convention more reusable? Should I use async / await? yield pages? Add a callback to transform the data prior to adding it to the collection variable?

• ades: What would be the response of requests.get(payload['next_page']) if there is no next page? And why do you need time.sleep(good_citizen_rate)?
• SumNeuron: @ades that is why there is a has_more from the apis I often use. time.sleep(good_citizen_rate) is to follow the providers of these apis guidelines
• colidyre: It seems that the statement payload['has_more'] = False has no effect, because it is written after raise (also the return). And it seems not only related to 3.6+ (except for the f-string feature you're using, so this is only a side comment).

Answer 1

You should let the requests module do the urlencoding for you. It can take a dictionary of parameters and do it right.

Instead of having a variable around which you check in your while condition, I would prefer a while True and an explicit break here. The loop is small enough that this makes it more readable IMO.

I would indeed use yield, or rather yield from here, in order to flatten the response. This means that the next page is only fetched when you have consumed the previous data. If you need to, you could also make it asynchronously using aiohttp, have a look at this question of mine which used it or the documentation I linked.

You can also use response.raise_for_status to raise an exception if the status code is not 2XX. Note that any code after a raise is not accessible, so your payload['has_more'] = False and return will never run (unless you run it in a debugger or something).

Python has an official style-guide, PEP8, which you are following (nice!). One thing it does not recommend but I would nevertheless encourage you to do is not using unnecessary parenthesis in if statements. Python is not C.

def fetch_paginated_data(url, query, timeout=0): 
 params = {"q": query}
 while True:
 response = requests.get(url, params=params)
 response.raise_for_status()
 data = response.json()
 if data and data['data']:
 yield from data['data']
 if not data['has_more']:
 break
 url = data['next_page']
 time.sleep(timeout)

Here I left the interface as is. If you are free to change it, I would consider taking params directly as an argument or even collect all keyword arguments (except for the timeout, which I also gave a defualt value) directly into a dictionary with **params. The latter would give you the very nice interface:

data = fetch_paginated_data("example.com", q="FooBar", timeout=3)

Instead of if data and data['data']: you could also just use a try..except block. This will be slightly more performant if the response usually has this key:

try:
 yield from data['data']
except (KeyError, TypeError): # for dict, list
 pass

You should definitely add a docstring describing what this function does. Especially your naming the timeout a rate can be confusing for other people reading your code, or yourself in half a year.

Answer 2

Without the other code that calls that function is difficutl to say if you need async operations or not, on the other hand here are some suggestions to make your code more pythonic.

payload = {
 'has_more': True,
 'next_page': initial
}

Change to

has_more = True
next_page = initial

Your code

while payload['has_more']:
 response = requests.get(payload['next_page'])
 if response.status_code != 200:
 raise ValueError('Status not 200')
 payload['has_more'] = False
 return

Change to

while has_more:
 response = requests.get(payload['next_page'])
 if response.status_code != 200:
 raise ValueError('Status not 200')

Your code

 payload['has_more'] = data['has_more']

Change to

 has_more = data['has_more']

Sorry if I forget more changes.