Function composition in C++

Question

My aim was to create a function which behaves like the operator . in Haskell.

Here is what I made:

template <typename F>
auto compose(F&& f)
{
 return [a = std::move(f)](auto&&... args){
 return a(std::move(args)...);
 };
}
template <typename F1, typename F2, typename... Fs>
auto compose(F1&& f1, F2&& f2, Fs&&... fs)
{
 return compose(
 [first = std::move(f1), second = std::move(f2)]
 (auto&&... args){
 return second(first(std::move(args)...));
 },
 std::move(fs)...
 );
}

Possible usage:

int main()
{
const auto f = compose([](const auto a, const auto b){return a + b;},
 [](const auto n){return n * n;},
 [](const auto n){return n + 2;});
std::cout << f(3, 2) << std::endl;
// should output 27 ( (3 + 2) * (3 + 2) + 2 )
}

The full source with a few more examples may be found here.

I'm not sure whether to use std::move or std::forward. Which one is better? Any other suggestions?

Answer 1

You probably do want std::forward here. You're using forwarding references with your templated && types, which means that they might actually be lvalues which the rest of the program expects to remain valid. std::move is basicall a promise that says "The owner is done with this object; feel free to plunder it". Obviously that's dangerous if it's false! std::forward, by contrast, will intelligently say whether something is free to plunder, based on whether it was free for plundering when passed as a parameter in the first place.

One other thing that I would suggest might be helpful is adding some sort of error detection. It would take a bit of work, but stuffing compose with a few well placed static_assert lines or similar would make a world of difference when trying to get something to build which has a few layers of composition. I'm thinking you could construct something helpful with is_invocable although that would require c++17.

• Nestor: Thank you! I struggled with static asserts a bit, yet succeeded in implementing them after all. Here are the results: github.com/nestoroprysk/FunctionComposition/commit/…