Keras: multiclass classification with Recurrent Neural Network

Question

Dataset: Labelled epidemic data consisting of number of infectious individuals per unit time.

Challenge: Use supervised classification via a recurrent neural network to classify each epidemic as belonging to one of eight classes.

My problem: I have working code, but I have a feeling it's not the best way to approach the problem. In particular, I have assumed that hyperparameters like number of units per layer, learning rate, batch size, etc. come from a discrete set, and I run a different neural network for each setting. There must be a standard (better) way of doing this?

Relevant section of working code: (Disclaimer: huge debt of gratitude to http://machinelearningmastery.com/sequence-classification-lstm-recurrent-neural-networks-python-keras/)

#!/usr/bin/env python
import numpy as np
import keras
from keras.models import Sequential, Dense, SimpleRNN
from keras.preprocessing import sequence
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
from keras.utils import np_utils
import itertools, argparse
def network_simple_rnn(data_in, out_dim, optim_type, b_size, save_file, num_classes, epochs, default_val):
 X_train = data_in[0]
 dummy_y = data_in[1]
 X_test = data_in[2]
 dummy_y_test = data_in[3]
 model = Sequential()
 model.add(SimpleRNN(out_dim, input_shape = (X_train.shape[1], X_train.shape[2]), return_sequences = False))
 model.add(Dense(num_classes, activation='sigmoid'))
 optim_type = ["rmsprop", "adam", "sgd"]
 s_in = save_file
 for optim_val in optim_type:
 if optim_val == "sgd" and default_val == False:
 lr_ = [0.001, 0.01, 0.05]
 momentum_in = [0., 0.8, 0.9, 0.99]
 decay_in = [0., 0.01, 0.1, 0.5]
 nest_in = [True, False]
 paras_in = itertools.product(lr_, momentum_in, decay_in, nest_in)
 for l_in, m_in, d_in, n_in in paras_in:
 save_file = s_in
 optim_use = keras.optimizers.sgd(lr = l_in, momentum = m_in, decay = d_in, nesterov = n_in)
 model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer = optim_use, metrics = ['accuracy'])
 hist = model.fit(X_train, dummy_y, validation_data=(X_test, dummy_y_test), nb_epoch = epochs, batch_size = b_size)
 scores = model.evaluate(X_train, dummy_y)
 print("%s: %.2f%%" % (model.metrics_names[1], scores[1]*100))
 h1 = hist.history
 acc_ = np.asarray(h1['acc']) #ndarray
 loss_ = np.asarray(h1['loss']) #ndarray
 val_loss_ = np.asarray(h1['val_loss'])
 val_acc_ = np.asarray(h1['val_acc'])
 acc_and_loss = np.column_stack((acc_, loss_, val_acc_, val_loss_))
 save_file = save_file + str(l_in) + str(m_in) + str(d_in) + str(n_in) + str(epochs) + ".txt"
 print 'saving file'
 #Write the scores to a file
 with open(save_file, 'w') as f:
 np.savetxt(save_file, acc_and_loss, delimiter=" ")
 print 'saved file', save_file
 else:
 model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer = optim_val, metrics = ['accuracy'])
 hist = model.fit(X_train, dummy_y, validation_data=(X_test, dummy_y_test), nb_epoch = epochs, batch_size = b_size)
 scores = model.evaluate(X_train, dummy_y)
 print("%s: %.2f%%" % (model.metrics_names[1], scores[1]*100))
 save_file = s_in
 h1 = hist.history
 acc_ = np.asarray(h1['acc']) #ndarray
 loss_ = np.asarray(h1['loss']) #ndarray
 val_loss_ = np.asarray(h1['val_loss'])
 val_acc_ = np.asarray(h1['val_acc'])
 acc_and_loss = np.column_stack((acc_, loss_, val_acc_, val_loss_))
 save_file = save_file + str(optim_type) + str(epochs) + ".txt"
 print 'saving file'
 with open(save_file, 'w') as f:
 np.savetxt(save_file, acc_and_loss, delimiter=" ")
 print 'saved file', save_file
if __name__ == '__main__':
 #This section reads in command line arguments from a separate file
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
 parser.add_argument('--train_file')
 parser.add_argument('--test_file')
 parser.add_argument('--out_dim')
 parser.add_argument('--optim_type')
 parser.add_argument('--batch_size') 
 parser.add_argument('--save_file') 
 parser.add_argument('--num_classes')
 parser.add_argument('--epochs') 
 parser.add_argument('--default_val') 
 args = parser.parse_args()
 train_file = str(args.train_file)
 test_file = str(args.test_file)
 out_dim = int(args.out_dim)
 optim_type = str(args.optim_type)
 b_size = int(args.batch_size)
 save_file = str(args.save_file)
 num_classes = int(args.num_classes)
 epochs = int(args.epochs)
 default_val = bool(args.default_val)
 data_in = read_data(train_file, test_file)
 network_simple_rnn(data_in, out_dim, optim_type, b_size, save_file, num_classes, epochs, default_val)

• Graipher: Your read_data function seems to be not defined currently.

Answer 1

This i going to be a style-review only, because after that the actual review becomes that much easier.

1. Use a consistent number of spaces. Currently you have 8 spaces in your functions, but 4 spaces per tab in your if __name__ = "__main__": part (which is a good thing to have). PEP8, Python's official style-guide, recommends using 4 spaces per tab.

2. Use tuple unpacking.

X_train = data_in[0]
dummy_y = data_in[1]
X_test = data_in[2]
dummy_y_test = data_in[3]

Can be more succinctly written as:

X_train, dummy_y, X_test, dummy_y_test = data_in

3. Use better names. dummy_y_test, s_in, optim_use are all not very descriptive names. Try to come up with better ones.

4. Use str.format to build your save file name.

save_file = "{save_file}{l_in}{m_in}{d_in}{n_in}{epochs}.txt".format(**locals())

Or, in Python 3.6+, using f-strings:

save_file = f"{save_file}{l_in}{m_in}{d_in}{n_in}{epochs}.txt"

This way you don't need to call str on all of them, because format does that for you. Also, whenever you do "str1" + "str2", you create a new string (because strings are immutable in Python). For long chains of long strings, this becomes quite inefficient.

5. Use str.format everywhere. It is the more modern, recommended way to do string formatting.

print("%s: %.2f%%" % (model.metrics_names[1], scores[1]*100))

becomes

print("{}: {:.2f}%".format(model.metrics_names[1], scores[1]*100))

or, again for Python 3.6+:

print(f"{model.metrics_names[1]}: {scores[1]*100:.2f}%")

6. Be consistent with your print. Right now you mix print(X) and print X. To be future-proof, use only the former, or consistently use the latter (You might want to add the python-2.7 tag, if you want only recommendations taking Python 2.7 into account).

7. Use more tuples. There are a lot of places, where you do something like optim_type = ["rmsprop", "adam", "sgd"]. Since you never add any type or modify it, and the only thing you do is iterate over it, you can save a tiny bit of space and use tuples here: optim_type = "rmsprop", "adam", "sgd".

8. Move argument parsing to its own function. Just put all you argument parsing into a parse_args function, this way it does not clutter your code. Note that argparse is quite sophisticated and can take a type argument for each argument. The default type is str. Note that you can use action='store_true' to make an argument behave like a flag. This way ./script.py --default_val will make args.default_val == True and ./script.py will give args.default_val == False:

def parse_args():
 """Reads in command line arguments from a separate file"""
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
 parser.add_argument('--train_file')
 parser.add_argument('--test_file')
 parser.add_argument('--out_dim', type=int)
 parser.add_argument('--optim_type')
 parser.add_argument('--batch_size', type=int) 
 parser.add_argument('--save_file') 
 parser.add_argument('--num_classes', type=int)
 parser.add_argument('--epochs', type=int) 
 parser.add_argument('--default_val', action='store_true') 
 return parser.parse_args()
if __name__ == '__main__':
 args = parse_args()
 data_in = read_data(args.train_file, args.test_file)
 network_simple_rnn(data_in, args.out_dim, args.optim_type, args.batch_size,
 args.save_file, args.num_classes, args.epochs,
 args.default_val)

This still looks somewhat messy, mostly due to the lot of args.X in there. If you renamed the variables in you __init__ to exactly the same ones of the argument, you could do:

def network_simple_rnn(data_in, out_dim, optim_type, batch_size, save_file, num_classes, epochs, default_val, **kwargs):
 ...
if __name__ == '__main__':
 args = parse_args()
 data_in = read_data(args.train_file, args.test_file)
 network_simple_rnn(data_in, **vars(args))

The **kwargs is needed to catch all superfluous keyword arguments.